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AMC12 2013 A

AMC12 2013 A · Q20

AMC12 2013 A · Q20. It mainly tests Basic counting (rules of product/sum), Casework.

Let $S$ be the set $\{1,2,3,\ldots,19\}$. For $a,b\in S$, define $a\succ b$ to mean that either $0<a-b\le 9$ or $b-a>9$. How many ordered triples $(x,y,z)$ of elements of $S$ have the property that $x\succ y$, $y\succ z$, and $z\succ x$?
设 $S=\{1,2,3,\ldots,19\}$。对任意 $a,b\in S$,定义 $a\succ b$ 表示满足以下两种情况之一:$0<a-b\le 9$ 或 $b-a>9$。问:$S$ 中有多少个有序三元组 $(x,y,z)$ 满足 $x\succ y$、$y\succ z$ 且 $z\succ x$?
(A) 810 810
(B) 855 855
(C) 900 900
(D) 950 950
(E) 988 988
Answer
Correct choice: (B)
正确答案:(B)
Solution
Answer (B): Consider the elements of $S$ as integers modulo 19. Assume $a \succ b$. If $a > b$, then $a - b \le 9$. If $a < b$, then $b - a > 9$; that is $b - a \ge 10$ and so $(a + 19) - b \le 9$. Thus $a \succ b$ if and only if $0 < (a - b)\ (\mathrm{mod}\ 19) \le 9$. Suppose that $(x,y,z)$ is a triple in $S \times S \times S$ such that $x \succ y$, $y \succ z$, and $z \succ x$. There are 19 possibilities for the first entry $x$. Once $x$ is chosen, $y$ can equal $x + i$ for any $i$, $1 \le i \le 9$. Then $z$ is at most $x + 9 + i$ and at least $x + 10$, so once $y$ is chosen, there are $i$ possibilities for the third element $z$. The number of required triples is equal to $19(1 + 2 + \cdots + 9) = 19 \cdot \frac{1}{2} \cdot 9 \cdot 10 = 19 \cdot 45 = 855$.
答案(B):将集合 $S$ 的元素视为模 19 的整数。假设 $a \succ b$。若 $a>b$,则 $a-b\le 9$。若 $a<b$,则 $b-a>9$;即 $b-a\ge 10$,因此 $(a+19)-b\le 9$。因此,当且仅当 $0<(a-b)\ (\mathrm{mod}\ 19)\le 9$ 时,$a \succ b$。 设 $(x,y,z)$ 是 $S\times S\times S$ 中的一个三元组,满足 $x \succ y$、$y \succ z$ 且 $z \succ x$。第一个元素 $x$ 有 19 种可能。一旦选定 $x$,$y$ 可以取 $x+i$,其中 $1\le i\le 9$。此时 $z$ 至多为 $x+9+i$,至少为 $x+10$,因此一旦选定 $y$,第三个元素 $z$ 有 $i$ 种可能。 所需三元组的数量为 $19(1+2+\cdots+9)=19\cdot \frac{1}{2}\cdot 9\cdot 10=19\cdot 45=855$。
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