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AMC12 2008 A

AMC12 2008 A · Q17

AMC12 2008 A · Q17. It mainly tests Sequences & recursion (algebra), Remainders & modular arithmetic.

Let $a_1,a_2,\ldots$ be a sequence determined by the rule $a_n=a_{n-1}/2$ if $a_{n-1}$ is even and $a_n=3a_{n-1}+1$ if $a_{n-1}$ is odd. For how many positive integers $a_1 \le 2008$ is it true that $a_1$ is less than each of $a_2$, $a_3$, and $a_4$?
设序列 $a_1,a_2,\ldots$ 由如下规则确定:若 $a_{n-1}$ 为偶数,则 $a_n=a_{n-1}/2$;若 $a_{n-1}$ 为奇数,则 $a_n=3a_{n-1}+1$。对于多少个满足 $a_1 \le 2008$ 的正整数 $a_1$,有 $a_1$ 小于 $a_2$、$a_3$ 和 $a_4$ 中的每一个?
(A) 250 250
(B) 251 251
(C) 501 501
(D) 502 502
(E) 1004 1004
Answer
Correct choice: (D)
正确答案:(D)
Solution
All positive integers can be expressed as $4n$, $4n+1$, $4n+2$, or $4n+3$, where $n$ is a nonnegative integer. - If $a_1=4n$, then $a_2=\frac{4n}{2}=2n<a_1$. - If $a_1=4n+1$, then $a_2=3(4n+1)+1=12n+4$, $a_3=\frac{12n+4}{2}=6n+2$, and $a_4=\frac{6n+2}{2}=3n+1<a_1$. - If $a_1=4n+2$, then $a_2=2n+1<a_1$. - If $a_1=4n+3$, then $a_2=3(4n+3)+1=12n+10$, $a_3=\frac{12n+10}{2}=6n+5$, and $a_4=3(6n+5)+1=18n+16$. Since $12n+10, 6n+5, 18n+16 > 4n+3$, every positive integer $a_1=4n+3$ will satisfy $a_1<a_2,a_3,a_4$. Since one fourth of the positive integers $a_1 \le 2008$ can be expressed as $4n+3$, where $n$ is a nonnegative integer, the answer is $\frac{1}{4}\cdot 2008 = 502 \Rightarrow D$.
所有正整数都可表示为 $4n$、$4n+1$、$4n+2$ 或 $4n+3$,其中 $n$ 为非负整数。 - 若 $a_1=4n$,则 $a_2=\frac{4n}{2}=2n<a_1$。 - 若 $a_1=4n+1$,则 $a_2=3(4n+1)+1=12n+4$,$a_3=\frac{12n+4}{2}=6n+2$,$a_4=\frac{6n+2}{2}=3n+1<a_1$。 - 若 $a_1=4n+2$,则 $a_2=2n+1<a_1$。 - 若 $a_1=4n+3$,则 $a_2=3(4n+3)+1=12n+10$,$a_3=\frac{12n+10}{2}=6n+5$,$a_4=3(6n+5)+1=18n+16$。 由于 $12n+10, 6n+5, 18n+16 > 4n+3$,每个形如 $a_1=4n+3$ 的正整数都满足 $a_1<a_2,a_3,a_4$。 因为满足 $a_1 \le 2008$ 的正整数中有四分之一可表示为 $4n+3$($n$ 为非负整数),所以答案为 $\frac{1}{4}\cdot 2008 = 502 \Rightarrow D$。
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