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AMC12 2021 A

AMC12 2021 A · Q22

AMC12 2021 A · Q22. It mainly tests Vieta / quadratic relationships (basic), Complex numbers (rare).

Suppose that the roots of the polynomial $P(x)=x^3+ax^2+bx+c$ are $\cos \frac{2\pi}7,\cos \frac{4\pi}7,$ and $\cos \frac{6\pi}7$, where angles are in radians. What is $abc$?
假设多项式 $P(x)=x^3+ax^2+bx+c$ 的根为 $\cos \frac{2\pi}7,\cos \frac{4\pi}7,$ 和 $\cos \frac{6\pi}7$,其中角度以弧度计。求 $abc$?
(A) {-}\frac{3}{49} {-}\frac{3}{49}
(B) {-}\frac{1}{28} {-}\frac{1}{28}
(C) \frac{\sqrt[3]7}{64} \frac{\sqrt[3]7}{64}
(D) \frac{1}{32} \frac{1}{32}
(E) \frac{1}{28} \frac{1}{28}
Answer
Correct choice: (D)
正确答案:(D)
Solution
Let $z=e^{\frac{2\pi i}{7}}.$ Since $z$ is a $7$th root of unity, we have $z^7=1.$ For all integers $k,$ note that \[\cos\frac{2k\pi}{7}=\operatorname{Re}\left(z^k\right)=\operatorname{Re}\left(z^{-k}\right).\] It follows that \begin{alignat*}{4} \cos\frac{2\pi}{7} &= \frac{z+z^{-1}}{2} &&= \frac{z+z^6}{2}, \\ \cos\frac{4\pi}{7} &= \frac{z^2+z^{-2}}{2} &&= \frac{z^2+z^5}{2}, \\ \cos\frac{6\pi}{7} &= \frac{z^3+z^{-3}}{2} &&= \frac{z^3+z^4}{2}. \end{alignat*} By geometric series, we conclude that \[\sum_{k=0}^{6}z^k=\frac{1-1}{1-z}=0.\] Alternatively, recall that the $7$th roots of unity satisfy the equation $z^7-1=0.$ By Vieta's Formulas, the sum of these seven roots is $0.$ As a result, we get \[\sum_{k=1}^{6}z^k=-1.\] Let $(r,s,t)=\left(\cos{\frac{2\pi}{7}},\cos{\frac{4\pi}{7}},\cos{\frac{6\pi}{7}}\right).$ By Vieta's Formulas, the answer is \begin{align*} abc&=[-(r+s+t)](rs+st+tr)(-rst) \\ &=(r+s+t)(rs+st+tr)(rst) \\ &=\left(\frac{\sum_{k=1}^{6}z^k}{2}\right)\left(\frac{2\sum_{k=1}^{6}z^k}{4}\right)\left(\frac{1+\sum_{k=0}^{6}z^k}{8}\right) \\ &=\frac{1}{32}\left(\sum_{k=1}^{6}z^k\right)\left(\sum_{k=1}^{6}z^k\right)\left(1+\sum_{k=0}^{6}z^k\right) \\ &=\frac{1}{32}(-1)(-1)(1) \\ &=\boxed{\textbf{(D) }\frac{1}{32}}. \end{align*}
令 $z=e^{\frac{2\pi i}{7}}$。由于 $z$ 是 $7$ 次单位根,我们有 $z^7=1$。对于所有整数 $k$,注意到 \[\cos\frac{2k\pi}{7}=\operatorname{Re}\left(z^k\right)=\operatorname{Re}\left(z^{-k}\right).\] 由此得出 \begin{alignat*}{4} \cos\frac{2\pi}{7} &= \frac{z+z^{-1}}{2} &&= \frac{z+z^6}{2}, \\ \cos\frac{4\pi}{7} &= \frac{z^2+z^{-2}}{2} &&= \frac{z^2+z^5}{2}, \\ \cos\frac{6\pi}{7} &= \frac{z^3+z^{-3}}{2} &&= \frac{z^3+z^4}{2}. \end{alignat*} 由几何级数,我们得出 \[\sum_{k=0}^{6}z^k=\frac{1-1}{1-z}=0.\] 或者,回忆 $7$ 次单位根满足方程 $z^7-1=0$。由 Vieta 公式,这些七个根的和为 $0$。 结果,我们得到 \[\sum_{k=1}^{6}z^k=-1.\] 令 $(r,s,t)=\left(\cos{\frac{2\pi}{7}},\cos{\frac{4\pi}{7}},\cos{\frac{6\pi}{7}}\right)$。由 Vieta 公式,答案为 \begin{align*} abc&=[-(r+s+t)](rs+st+tr)(-rst) \\ &=(r+s+t)(rs+st+tr)(rst) \\ &=\left(\frac{\sum_{k=1}^{6}z^k}{2}\right)\left(\frac{2\sum_{k=1}^{6}z^k}{4}\right)\left(\frac{1+\sum_{k=0}^{6}z^k}{8}\right) \\ &=\frac{1}{32}\left(\sum_{k=1}^{6}z^k\right)\left(\sum_{k=1}^{6}z^k\right)\left(1+\sum_{k=0}^{6}z^k\right) \\ &=\frac{1}{32}(-1)(-1)(1) \\ &=\boxed{\textbf{(D) }\frac{1}{32}}. \end{align*}
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