AMC12 2011 A
AMC12 2011 A · Q22
AMC12 2011 A · Q22. It mainly tests Combinations, Coordinate geometry.
Let $R$ be a unit square region and $n \geq 4$ an integer. A point $X$ in the interior of $R$ is called n-ray partitional if there are $n$ rays emanating from $X$ that divide $R$ into $n$ triangles of equal area. How many points are $100$-ray partitional but not $60$-ray partitional?
设 $R$ 是一个单位正方形区域,$n \geq 4$ 为整数。若 $R$ 内部一点 $X$ 满足:从 $X$ 发出 $n$ 条射线,将 $R$ 分成 $n$ 个面积相等的三角形,则称 $X$ 为 $n$-射线分割点。有多少点是 $100$-射线分割点但不是 $60$-射线分割点?
(A)
1500
1500
(B)
1560
1560
(C)
2320
2320
(D)
2480
2480
(E)
2500
2500
Answer
Correct choice: (C)
正确答案:(C)
Solution
There must be four rays emanating from $X$ that intersect the four corners of the square region. Depending on the location of $X$, the number of rays distributed among these four triangular sectors will vary. We start by finding the corner-most point that is $100$-ray partitional (let this point be the bottom-left-most point).
We first draw the four rays that intersect the vertices. At this point, the triangular sectors with bases as the sides of the square that the point is closest to both do not have rays dividing their areas. Therefore, their heights are equivalent since their areas are equal. The remaining $96$ rays are divided among the other two triangular sectors, each sector with $48$ rays, thus dividing these two sectors into $49$ triangles of equal areas.
Let the distance from this corner point to the closest side be $a$ and the side of the square be $s$. From this, we get the equation $\frac{a\times s}{2}=\frac{(s-a)\times s}{2}\times\frac1{49}$. Solve for $a$ to get $a=\frac s{50}$. Therefore, point $X$ is $\frac1{50}$ of the side length away from the two sides it is closest to. By moving $X$ $\frac s{50}$ to the right, we also move one ray from the right sector to the left sector, which determines another $100$-ray partitional point. We can continue moving $X$ right and up to derive the set of points that are $100$-ray partitional.
In the end, we get a square grid of points each $\frac s{50}$ apart from one another. Since this grid ranges from a distance of $\frac s{50}$ from one side to $\frac{49s}{50}$ from the same side, we have a $49\times49$ grid, a total of $2401$ $100$-ray partitional points. To find the overlap from the $60$-ray partitional, we must find the distance from the corner-most $60$-ray partitional point to the sides closest to it. Since the $100$-ray partitional points form a $49\times49$ grid, each point $\frac s{50}$ apart from each other, we can deduce that the $60$-ray partitional points form a $29\times29$ grid, each point $\frac s{30}$ apart from each other. To find the overlap points, we must find the common divisors of $30$ and $50$ which are $1, 2, 5,$ and $10$. Therefore, the overlapping points will form grids with points $s$, $\frac s{2}$, $\frac s{5}$, and $\frac s{10}$ away from each other respectively. Since the grid with points $\frac s{10}$ away from each other includes the other points, we can disregard the other grids. The total overlapping set of points is a $9\times9$ grid, which has $81$ points. Subtract $81$ from $2401$ to get $2401-81=\boxed{\textbf{(C)}\ 2320}$.
必须有四条从 $X$ 发出的射线分别经过正方形的四个顶点。根据 $X$ 的位置,这四个三角形扇形中分配到的射线条数会不同。先找出最靠近角的一个 $100$-射线分割点(设为最靠近左下角的点)。
先画出与四个顶点相交的四条射线。此时,以 $X$ 最接近的两条边为底的两个三角形扇形中没有射线再去分割其面积。因此它们的高相等,因为它们面积相等。剩下的 $96$ 条射线分配到另外两个三角形扇形中,每个扇形得到 $48$ 条射线,从而把这两个扇形各分成 $49$ 个面积相等的三角形。
设该角点到最近边的距离为 $a$,正方形边长为 $s$。则有方程 $\frac{a\times s}{2}=\frac{(s-a)\times s}{2}\times\frac1{49}$。解得 $a=\frac s{50}$。因此点 $X$ 距离其最近的两条边均为边长的 $\frac1{50}$。将 $X$ 向右移动 $\frac s{50}$,就会把右侧扇形中的一条射线移到左侧扇形,从而得到另一个 $100$-射线分割点。继续向右和向上移动 $X$,即可得到所有 $100$-射线分割点的集合。
最终得到一个点阵,相邻点间距为 $\frac s{50}$。由于该点阵从距某边 $\frac s{50}$ 到距同一边 $\frac{49s}{50}$,因此是一个 $49\times49$ 的点阵,共有 $2401$ 个 $100$-射线分割点。为求与 $60$-射线分割点的重合部分,需要求最靠近角的 $60$-射线分割点到其最近两边的距离。由于 $100$-射线分割点形成 $49\times49$ 点阵且相邻间距为 $\frac s{50}$,可推出 $60$-射线分割点形成 $29\times29$ 点阵且相邻间距为 $\frac s{30}$。要找重合点,需要找 $30$ 与 $50$ 的公因数:$1, 2, 5,$ 和 $10$。因此重合点将分别形成相邻间距为 $s$、$\frac s{2}$、$\frac s{5}$、$\frac s{10}$ 的点阵。由于相邻间距为 $\frac s{10}$ 的点阵包含其他点阵,可忽略其他点阵。重合点总数为一个 $9\times9$ 点阵,即 $81$ 个点。用 $2401-81=\boxed{\textbf{(C)}\ 2320}$。
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