AMC12 2011 A

The base price of Michelle's cell phone plan is $20$ dollars. If she sent $100$ text messages and it costs $5$ cents per text, then she must have spent $500$ cents for texting, or $5$ dollars. She talked for $30.5$ hours, but $30.5-30$ will give us the amount of time exceeded past 30 hours. $30.5-30=.5$ hours $=30$ minutes. Since the price for phone calls is $10$ cents per minute, the additional amount Michelle has to pay for phone calls is $30*10=300$ cents, or $3$ dollars. Adding $20+5+3$ dollars $\boxed{\$28 \textbf{ (D)}}$.

By careful inspection and common sense, the answer is $\textbf{(E)}$.

To find how many small bottles we need, we can simply divide $500$ by $35$. This simplifies to $\frac{100}{7}=14 \frac{2}{7}.$ Since the answer must be an integer greater than $14$, we have to round up to $15$ bottles, or $\boxed{\textbf{E}}$

Let us say that there are $f$ fifth graders. According to the given information, there must be $2f$ fourth graders and $4f$ third graders. The average time run by each student is equal to the total amount of time run divided by the number of students. This gives us $\frac{12\cdot 4f + 15\cdot 2f + 10\cdot f}{4f + 2f + f} = \frac{88f}{7f} = \frac{88}{7} \Rightarrow \boxed{C}$ If you want to simplify the problem even more, just imagine/assume that only $1$ fifth grader existed. Then you can simply get rid of the variables.

To simplify the problem, WLOG, let us say that there were a total of $100$ birds. The number of birds that are not swans is $75$. The number of geese is $30$. Therefore the percentage is just $\frac{30}{75} \times 100 = 40 \Rightarrow \boxed{C}$

For the points made from two-point shots and from three-point shots to be equal, the numbers of made shots are in a $3:2$ ratio. Therefore, assume they made $3x$ and $2x$ two- and three- point shots, respectively, and thus $3x+1$ free throws. The total number of points is \[2 \times (3x) + 3 \times (2x) + 1 \times (3x+1) = 15x+1\] Set that equal to $61$, we get $x = 4$, and therefore the number of free throws they made $3 \times 4 + 1 = 13 \Rightarrow \boxed{A}$

The total cost of the pencils can be found by $(\text{students}\cdot\text{pencils purchased by each}\cdot\text{price of each pencil})$. Since $1771$ is the product of three sets of values, we can begin with prime factorization, since it gives some insight into the values: $7, 11, 23$. Since $(C)$ has none of these factors, it can be eliminated immediately, leaving $(A)$, $(B)$, $(D)$, and $(E)$. Beginning with $(A) 7$, we see that the number of pencils purchased by each student must be either $11$ or $23$. However, the problem states that the price of each pencil must exceed the number of pencils purchased, so we can eliminate this. Continuing with $(B) 11$, we can conclude that the only case that fulfills the restrictions is that there are $23$ students who each purchased $7$ such pencils, so the answer is $\boxed{B}$. We can apply the same logic to $(E)$ as we applied to $(A)$ if one wants to make doubly sure.

Let $A=x$. Then from $A+B+C=30$, we find that $B=25-x$. From $B+C+D=30$, we then get that $D=x$. Continuing this pattern, we find $E=25-x$, $F=5$, $G=x$, and finally $H=25-x$. So $A+H=x+25-x=25 \rightarrow \boxed{\textbf{C}}$

There are $18$ total twins and $18$ total triplets. Each of the twins shakes hands with the $16$ twins not in their family and $9$ of the triplets, a total of $25$ people. Each of the triplets shakes hands with the $15$ triplets not in their family and $9$ of the twins, for a total of $24$ people. Dividing by two to accommodate the fact that each handshake was counted twice, we get a total of $\frac{1}{2}\times 18 \times (25+24) = 9 \times 49 = 441 \rightarrow \boxed{\textbf{B}}$

For the circumference to be greater than the area, we must have $\pi d > \pi \left( \frac{d}{2} \right) ^2$, or $d<4$. Now since $d$ is determined by a sum of two dice, the only possibilities for $d$ are thus $2$ and $3$. In order for two dice to sum to $2$, they must both show a value of $1$. The probability of this happening is $\frac{1}{6} \times \frac{1}{6} = \frac{1}{36}$. In order for two dice to sum to $3$, one must show a $1$ and the other must show a $2$. Since this can happen in two ways, the probability of this event occurring is $2 \times \frac{1}{6} \times \frac{1}{6} = \frac{2}{36}$. The sum of these two probabilities now gives the final answer: $\frac{1}{36} + \frac{2}{36} = \frac{3}{36} = \frac{1}{12} \rightarrow \boxed{\textbf{B}}$

The requested area is the area of $C$ minus the area shared between circles $A$, $B$ and $C$. Let $M$ be the midpoint of $\overline{AB}$ and $D$ be the other intersection of circles $C$ and $B$. The area shared between $C$, $A$ and $B$ is $4$ of the regions between arc $\widehat {MD}$ and line $\overline{MD}$, which is (considering the arc on circle $B$) a quarter of the circle $B$ minus $\triangle MDB$: $\frac{\pi r^2}{4}-\frac{bh}{2}$ $b = h = r = 1$ (We can assume this because $\angle DBM$ is 90 degrees, since $CDBM$ is a square, due to the application of the tangent chord theorem at point $M$) So the area of the small region is $\frac{\pi}{4}-\frac{1}{2}$ The requested area is area of circle $C$ minus 4 of this area: $\pi 1^2 - 4\left(\frac{\pi}{4}-\frac{1}{2}\right) = \pi - \pi + 2 = 2$ $\boxed{\textbf{C}}$.

WLOG, let the speed of the river be 0. This is allowed because the problem never states that the speed of the current has to have a magnitude greater than 0. In this case, when the powerboat travels from $A$ to $B$, the raft remains at $A$. Thus the trip from $A$ to $B$ takes the same time as the trip from $B$ to the raft. Since these times are equal and sum to $9$ hours, the trip from $A$ to $B$ must take half this time, or $4.5$ hours. The answer is thus $\boxed{\textbf{D}}$. Remark: This is equivalent to viewing the problem from the raft's perspective. What's important in this problem is to consider everything in terms of the power boat and the raft, since that is how the problem is given to us. Think of the blue arrow as the power boat and the red arrow as the raft in the following three diagrams, which represent different time intervals of the problem. Thinking about the distance covered as their distances with respect to each other, they are $0$ distance apart in the first diagram when they haven't started to move yet, some distance $d$ apart in the second diagram when the power boat reaches $B$, and again $0$ distance apart in the third diagram when they meet. Therefore, with respect to each other, the boat and the raft cover a distance of $d$ on the way there, and again cover a distance of $d$ on when drawing closer. This makes sense, because from the 1st diagram to the second, the raft moves in the same direction as the boat, while from the 2nd to the 3rd, the boat and raft move in opposite directions. Let $b$ denote the speed of the power boat (only the power boat, not factoring in current) and $r$ denote the speed of the raft, which, as given by the problem, is also equal to the speed of the current. Thus, from $A$ to $B$, the boat travels at a velocity of $b+r$, and on the way back, travels at a velocity of $-(b-r)=r-b$, since the current aids the boat on the way there, and goes against the boat on the way back. With respect to the raft then, the boat's velocity from $A$ to $B$ becomes $(r+b)-r=b$, and on the way back it becomes $(r-b)-r=-b$. Since the boat's velocities with respect to the raft are exact opposites, $b$ and $-b$, we therefore know that the boat and raft travel apart from each other at the same rate that they travel toward each other. From this, we have that the boat travels a distance $d$ at rate $b$ with respect to the raft both on the way to $B$ and on the way back. Thus, using $\dfrac{distance}{speed}=time$, we have $\dfrac{2d}{b}=9\text{ hours}$, and to see how long it took to travel half the distance, we have $\dfrac{d}{b}=4.5\text{ hours}\implies\boxed{\textbf{D}}$ Let $t$ be the time it takes the power boat to go from $A$ to $B$ in hours, $r$ be the speed of the river current (and thus also the raft), and $p$ to be the speed of the power boat with respect to the river. Using $d = rt$, the raft covers a distance of $9r$, the distance from $A$ to $B$ is $(p + r)t$, and the distance from $B$ to where the raft and power boat met up is $(9 - t)(p - r)$. Then, $9r + (9 - t)(p - r) = (p + r)t$. Solving for $t$, we get $t = 4.5$, which is $\boxed{\textbf{D}}$.

Let $O$ be the incenter of $\triangle{ABC}$. Because $\overline{MO} \parallel \overline{BC}$ and $\overline{BO}$ is the angle bisector of $\angle{ABC}$, we have \[\angle{MBO} = \angle{CBO} = \angle{MOB} = \frac{1}{2}\angle{MBC}\] It then follows due to alternate interior angles and base angles of isosceles triangles that $MO = MB$. Similarly, $NO = NC$. The perimeter of $\triangle{AMN}$ then becomes \begin{align*} AM + MN + NA &= AM + MO + NO + NA \\ &= AM + MB + NC + NA \\ &= AB + AC \\ &= 30 \rightarrow \boxed{(B)} \end{align*}

If $(a,b)$ lies above the parabola, then $b$ must be greater than $y(a)$. We thus get the inequality $b>a^3-ba$. Solving this for $b$ gives us $b>\frac{a^3}{a+1}$. Now note that $\frac{a^3}{a+1}$ constantly increases when $a$ is positive. Then since this expression is greater than $9$ when $a=4$, we can deduce that $a$ must be less than $4$ in order for the inequality to hold, since otherwise $b$ would be greater than $9$ and not a single-digit integer. The only possibilities for $a$ are thus $1$, $2$, and $3$. For $a=1$, we get $b>\frac{1}{2}$ for our inequality, and thus $b$ can be any integer from $1$ to $9$. For $a=2$, we get $b>\frac{8}{3}$ for our inequality, and thus $b$ can be any integer from $3$ to $9$. For $a=3$, we get $b>\frac{27}{4}$ for our inequality, and thus $b$ can be any integer from $7$ to $9$. Finally, if we total up all the possibilities we see there are $19$ points that satisfy the condition, out of $9 \times 9 = 81$ total points. The probability of picking a point that lies above the parabola is thus $\frac{19}{81} \rightarrow \boxed{\textbf{E}}$

Let $ABCDE$ be the pyramid with $ABCD$ as the square base. Let $O$ and $M$ be the center of square $ABCD$ and the midpoint of side $AB$ respectively. Lastly, let the hemisphere be tangent to the triangular face $ABE$ at $P$. Notice that $\triangle EOM$ has a right angle at $O$. Since the hemisphere is tangent to the triangular face $ABE$ at $P$, $\angle EPO$ is also $90^{\circ}$. Hence $\triangle EOM$ is similar to $\triangle EPO$. $\frac{OM}{2} = \frac{6}{EP}$ $OM = \frac{6}{EP} \times 2$ $OM = \frac{6}{\sqrt{6^2 - 2^2}} \times 2 = \frac{3\sqrt{2}}{2}$ The length of the square base is thus $2 \times \frac{3\sqrt{2}}{2} = 3\sqrt{2} \rightarrow \boxed{\textbf{A}}$

We can do some casework when working our way around the pentagon from $A$ to $E$. At each stage, there will be a makeshift diagram. 1.) For $A$, we can choose any of the 6 colors. 2.) For $B$, we can either have the same color as $A$, or any of the other 5 colors. We do this because each vertex of the pentagon is affected by the 2 opposite vertices, and $D$ will be affected by both $A$ and $B$. 3.) For $C$, we cannot have the same color as $A$. Also, we can have the same color as $B$ ($E$ will be affected), or any of the other 4 colors. Because $C$ can't be the same as $A$, it can't be the same as $B$ if $B$ is the same as $A$, so it can be any of the 5 other colors. 4.) $D$ is affected by $A$ and $B$. If they are the same, then $D$ can be any of the other 5 colors. If they are different, then $D$ can be any of the (6-2)=4 colors. 5.) $E$ is affected by $B$ and $C$. If they are the same, then $E$ can be any of the other 5 colors. If they are different, then $E$ can be any of the (6-2)=4 colors. 6.) Now, we can multiply these three paths and add them: $(6\times1\times5\times5\times4)+(6\times5\times4\times4\times4)+(6\times5\times1\times4\times5) =600+1920+600=3120$ 7.) Our answer is $C$!

The centers of these circles form a 3-4-5 triangle, which has an area equal to 6. The areas of the three triangles determined by the center and the two points of tangency of each circle are, using Triangle Area by Sine, $\frac{1}{2} \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 = \frac{1}{2}$ $\frac{1}{2} \cdot 2 \cdot 2 \cdot \frac{4}{5} = \frac{8}{5}$ $\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3 \cdot 3 \cdot \frac{3}{5} = \frac{27}{10}$ which add up to $4.8$. The area we're looking for is the large 3-4-5 triangle minus the three smaller triangles, or $6 - 4.8 = 1.2 = \frac{6}{5} \rightarrow \boxed{(D)}$.

Plugging in some values, we see that the graph of the equation $|x+y|+|x-y| = 2$ is a square bounded by $x= \pm 1$ and $y = \pm 1$. Notice that $x^2 - 6x + y^2 = (x-3)^2 + y^2 - 9$ means the square of the distance from a point $(x,y)$ to point $(3,0)$ minus 9. To maximize that value, we need to choose the point in the feasible region farthest from point $(3,0)$, which is $(-1, \pm 1)$. Either one, when substituting into the function, yields $\boxed{\textbf{(D)}\ 8}$.

We start with $2^{1+\lfloor\log_{2}(N-1)\rfloor}-N = 19$. After rearranging, we get $\lfloor\log_{2}(N-1)\rfloor = \log_{2} \left(\frac{N+19}{2}\right)$. Since $\lfloor\log_{2}(N-1)\rfloor$ is a positive integer, $\frac{N+19}{2}$ must be in the form of $2^{m}$ for some positive integer $m$. From this fact, we get $N=2^{m+1}-19$. If we now check integer values of N that satisfy this condition, starting from $N=19$, we quickly see that the first values that work for $N$ are $45$ and $109$, that is, $2^6-19$ and $2^7 -19$, giving values of $5$ and $6$ for $m$, respectively. Adding up these two values for $N$, we get $45 + 109 = 154 \rightarrow \boxed{\textbf{C}}$

From $f(1) = 0$, we know that $a+b+c = 0$. From the first inequality, we get $50 < 49a+7b+c < 60$. Subtracting $a+b+c = 0$ from this gives us $50 < 48a+6b < 60$, and thus $\frac{25}{3} < 8a+b < 10$. Since $8a+b$ must be an integer, it follows that $8a+b = 9$. Similarly, from the second inequality, we get $70 < 64a+8b+c < 80$. Again subtracting $a+b+c = 0$ from this gives us $70 < 63a+7b < 80$, or $10 < 9a+b < \frac{80}{7}$. It follows from this that $9a+b = 11$. We now have a system of three equations: $a+b+c = 0$, $8a+b = 9$, and $9a+b = 11$. Solving gives us $(a, b, c) = (2, -7, 5)$ and from this we find that $f(100) = 2(100)^2-7(100)+5 = 19305$ Since $15000 < 19305 < 20000 \to 5000(3) < 19305 < 5000(4)$, we find that $k = 3 \rightarrow \boxed{\textbf{(C)}\ 3}$.

The domain of $f_{1}(x)=\sqrt{1-x}$ is defined when $x\leq1$. \[f_{2}(x)=f_{1}\left(\sqrt{4-x}\right)=\sqrt{1-\sqrt{4-x}}\] Applying the domain of $f_{1}(x)$ and the fact that square roots must be positive, we get $0\leq\sqrt{4-x}\leq1$. Simplifying, the domain of $f_{2}(x)$ becomes $3\leq x\leq4$. Repeat this process for $f_{3}(x)=\sqrt{1-\sqrt{4-\sqrt{9-x}}}$ to get a domain of $-7\leq x\leq0$. For $f_{4}(x)$, since square roots must be nonnegative, we can see that the negative values of the previous domain will not work, so $\sqrt{16-x}=0$. Thus we now arrive at $16$ being the only number in the of domain of $f_4 x$ that defines $x$. However, since we are looking for the largest value for $n$ for which the domain of $f_{n}$ is nonempty, we must continue checking until we arrive at a domain that is empty. We continue with $f_{5}(x)$ to get a domain of $\sqrt{25-x}=16 \implies x=-231$. Since square roots cannot be negative, this is the last nonempty domain. We add to get $5-231=\boxed{\textbf{(A)}\ -226}$.

There must be four rays emanating from $X$ that intersect the four corners of the square region. Depending on the location of $X$, the number of rays distributed among these four triangular sectors will vary. We start by finding the corner-most point that is $100$-ray partitional (let this point be the bottom-left-most point). We first draw the four rays that intersect the vertices. At this point, the triangular sectors with bases as the sides of the square that the point is closest to both do not have rays dividing their areas. Therefore, their heights are equivalent since their areas are equal. The remaining $96$ rays are divided among the other two triangular sectors, each sector with $48$ rays, thus dividing these two sectors into $49$ triangles of equal areas. Let the distance from this corner point to the closest side be $a$ and the side of the square be $s$. From this, we get the equation $\frac{a\times s}{2}=\frac{(s-a)\times s}{2}\times\frac1{49}$. Solve for $a$ to get $a=\frac s{50}$. Therefore, point $X$ is $\frac1{50}$ of the side length away from the two sides it is closest to. By moving $X$ $\frac s{50}$ to the right, we also move one ray from the right sector to the left sector, which determines another $100$-ray partitional point. We can continue moving $X$ right and up to derive the set of points that are $100$-ray partitional. In the end, we get a square grid of points each $\frac s{50}$ apart from one another. Since this grid ranges from a distance of $\frac s{50}$ from one side to $\frac{49s}{50}$ from the same side, we have a $49\times49$ grid, a total of $2401$ $100$-ray partitional points. To find the overlap from the $60$-ray partitional, we must find the distance from the corner-most $60$-ray partitional point to the sides closest to it. Since the $100$-ray partitional points form a $49\times49$ grid, each point $\frac s{50}$ apart from each other, we can deduce that the $60$-ray partitional points form a $29\times29$ grid, each point $\frac s{30}$ apart from each other. To find the overlap points, we must find the common divisors of $30$ and $50$ which are $1, 2, 5,$ and $10$. Therefore, the overlapping points will form grids with points $s$, $\frac s{2}$, $\frac s{5}$, and $\frac s{10}$ away from each other respectively. Since the grid with points $\frac s{10}$ away from each other includes the other points, we can disregard the other grids. The total overlapping set of points is a $9\times9$ grid, which has $81$ points. Subtract $81$ from $2401$ to get $2401-81=\boxed{\textbf{(C)}\ 2320}$.

By algebraic manipulations, we obtain \[h(z)=g(g(z))=f(f(f(f(z))))=\frac{Pz+Q}{Rz+S}\] where \[P=(a+1)^2+a(b+1)^2\] \[Q=a(b+1)(b^2+2a+1)\] \[R=(b+1)(b^2+2a+1)\] \[S=a(b+1)^2+(a+b^2)^2\] In order for $h(z)=z$, we must have $R=0$, $Q=0$, and $P=S$. $R=0$ implies $b=-1$ or $b^2+2a+1=0$. $Q=0$ implies $a=0$, $b=-1$, or $b^2+2a+1=0$. $P=S$ implies $b=\pm1$ or $b^2+2a+1=0$. Since $|a|=1\neq 0$, in order to satisfy all 3 conditions we must have either $b=\pm1$ or $b^2+2a+1=0$. In the first case $|b|=1$. For the latter case note that \[|b^2+1|=|-2a|=2\] \[2=|b^2+1|\leq |b^2|+1\] and hence, \[1\leq|b|^2\Rightarrow1\leq |b|\]. On the other hand, \[2=|b^2+1|\geq|b^2|-1\] so, \[|b^2|\leq 3\Rightarrow0\leq |b|\leq \sqrt{3}\]. Thus $1\leq |b|\leq \sqrt{3}$. Hence the maximum value for $|b|$ is $\sqrt{3}$ while the minimum is $1$ (which can be achieved for instance when $|a|=1,|b|=\sqrt{3}$ or $|a|=1,|b|=1$ respectively). Therefore the answer is $\boxed{\textbf{(C)}\ \sqrt{3}-1}$.

Note as above that ABCD must be tangential to obtain the circle with maximal radius. Let $E$, $F$, $G$, and $H$ be the points on $AB$, $BC$, $CD$, and $DA$ respectively where the circle is tangent. Let $\theta=\angle BAD$ and $\alpha=\angle ADC$. Since the quadrilateral is cyclic(because we want to maximize the circle, so we set the quadrilateral to be cyclic), $\angle ABC=180^{\circ}-\alpha$ and $\angle BCD=180^{\circ}-\theta$. Let the circle have center $O$ and radius $r$. Note that $OHD$, $OGC$, $OFB$, and $OEA$ are right angles. Hence $FOG=\theta$, $GOH=180^{\circ}-\alpha$, $EOH=180^{\circ}-\theta$, and $FOE=\alpha$. Therefore, $AEOH\sim OFCG$ and $EBFO\sim HOGD$. Let $x=CG$. Then $CF=x$, $BF=BE=9-x$, $GD=DH=7-x$, and $AH=AE=x+5$. Using $AEOH\sim OFCG$ and $EBFO\sim HOGD$ we have $r/(x+5)=x/r$, and $(9-x)/r=r/(7-x)$. By equating the value of $r^2$ from each, $x(x+5)=(7-x)(9-x)$. Solving we obtain $x=3$ so that $r=\boxed{\textbf{(C)}\ 2\sqrt{6}}$.

By the Inscribed Angle Theorem, \[\angle BOC = 2\angle BAC = 120^\circ .\]Let $D$ and $E$ be the feet of the altitudes of $\triangle ABC$ from $B$ and $C$, respectively. In $\triangle ACE$ we get $\angle ACE = 30^\circ$, and as exterior angle \[\angle BHC = 90^\circ + \angle ACE = 120^\circ .\]Because the lines $BI$ and $CI$ are bisectors of $\angle CBA$ and $\angle ACB$, respectively, it follows that\[\angle BIC = 90^\circ + \tfrac 12\angle A = 120^\circ .\]Thus the points $B, C, O, I$, and $H$ are all on a circle. Further, since \[\angle OCI = \angle OCB - \angle ICB = 30^\circ - \tfrac 12\angle C\] \[\angle ICH = \angle ACE - \angle ACI = 30^\circ - \tfrac 12\angle C\] we have $OI=IH$. Because $[BCOIH]=[BCO]+[BOIH]$, it is sufficient to maximize the area of quadrilateral $BOIH$. If $P_1$, $P_2$ are two points in an arc of circle $BO$ with $BP_1<BP_2$, then the maximum area of $BOP_1P_2$ occurs when $BP_1=P_1P_2=P_2O$. Indeed, if $BP_1\neq P_1P_2$, then replacing $P_1$ by the point $P_1’$ located halfway in the arc of the circle $BP_2$ yields a triangle $BP_1’P_2$ with larger area than $\triangle BP_1P_2$, and the area of $\triangle BOP_2$ remains the same. Similarly, if $P_1P_2\neq P_2O$. Therefore the maximum is achieved when $OI=IH=HB$, that is, when \[\angle OCI = \angle ICH = \angle HCB = \tfrac 13 \angle OCB = 10^\circ.\]Thus $\angle ACB = 40^\circ$ and $\angle CBA = 80^\circ$.