AMC12 2005 B

\begin{align*} \mbox{Expenses} &= 1000 \cdot \frac25 = 400 \\ \mbox{Revenue} &= 1000 \cdot \frac12 = 500 \\ \mbox{Profit} &= \mbox{Revenue} - \mbox{Expenses} = 500-400 = \boxed{\textbf{(A) }100}. \end{align*} Note: Revenue is a gain.

Since $x\%$ means $0.01x$, the statement "$x\% \text{ of } x \text{ is 4}$" can be rewritten as "$0.01x \cdot x = 4$": $0.01x \cdot x=4 \Rightarrow x^2 = 400 \Rightarrow x = \boxed{\textbf{(D) }20}.$ Try the answer choices one by one. Upon examination, it is quite obvious that the answer is $\boxed{\textbf{(D) }20}.$ Very fast. Solution by franzliszt

Let $m =$ Brianna's money. We have $\frac15 m = \frac13 (\mbox{CDs}) \Rightarrow \frac35 m = (\mbox{CDs})$. Thus, the money left over is $m-\frac35m = \frac25m$, so the answer is $\boxed{\textbf{(C) }\frac{2}{5}}$. This was just a simple manipulation of the equation. No solving was needed!

Lisa's goal was to get an $A$ on $80\% \cdot 50 = 40$ quizzes. She already has $A$'s on $22$ quizzes, so she needs to get $A$'s on $40-22=18$ more. There are $50-30=20$ quizzes left, so she can afford to get less than an $A$ on $20-18=\boxed{\textbf{(B) }2}$ of them. Here, only the $A$'s matter... No complicated stuff!

There are $80$ tiles. Each tile has $[\mbox{square} - 4 \cdot (\mbox{quarter circle})]$ shaded. Thus: \begin{align*} \mbox{shaded area} &= 80 \left( 1 - 4 \cdot \dfrac{1}{4} \cdot \pi \cdot \left(\dfrac{1}{2}\right)^2\right) \\ &= 80\left(1-\dfrac{1}{4}\pi\right) \\ &= \boxed{\textbf{(A) }80-20\pi}. \end{align*} 4 quarters of a circle is a circle so that may save you 0.5 seconds (very much lots) :)

Draw height $CH$ (Perpendicular line from point C to line AD). We have that $BH=1$. By the Pythagorean Theorem, $CH=\sqrt{48}$. Since $CD=8$, $HD=\sqrt{8^2-48}=\sqrt{16}=4$, and $BD=HD-1$, so $BD=\boxed{\textbf{(A) }3}$.

If we get rid of the absolute values, we are left with the following 4 equations (using the logic that if $|a|=b$, then $a$ is either $b$ or $-b$): \begin{align*} 3x+4y=12 \\ -3x+4y=12 \\ 3x-4y=12 \\ -3x-4y=12 \end{align*} We can then put these equations in slope-intercept form in order to graph them. \begin{align*} 3x+4y=12 \,\implies\, y=-\dfrac{3}{4}x+3\\ -3x+4y=12\,\implies\, y=\dfrac{3}{4}x+3\\ 3x-4y=12\,\implies\, y=\dfrac{3}{4}x-3\\ -3x-4y=12\,\implies\, y=-\dfrac{3}{4}x-3\end{align*} Now you can graph the lines to find the shape of the graph: We can easily see that it is a rhombus with diagonals of $6$ and $8$. The area is $\dfrac{1}{2}\times 6\times8$, or $\boxed{\mathrm{(D)}\ 24}$

We see that the vertex of the quadratic function $y = x^2 + a^2$ is $(0,\,a^2)$. The y-intercept of the line $y = x + a$ is $(0,\,a)$. We want to find the values (if any) such that $a=a^2$. Solving for $a$, the only values that satisfy this are $0$ and $1$, so the answer is $\boxed{\mathrm{(C)}\ 2}$

To begin, we see that the remaining $30\%$ of the students got $95$ points. Assume that there are $20$ students; we see that $2$ students got $70$ points, $5$ students got $80$ points, $4$ students got $85$ points, $3$ students got $90$ points, and $6$ students got $95$ points. The median is $85$, since the $10^{\text{th}}$ and $11^{\text{th}}$ terms are both $85$. The mean is $\dfrac{70\,(2)+80\,(5)+85\,(4)+90\,(3)+95\,(6)}{20}=\dfrac{1720}{20}=86$. The difference between the mean and median, therefore, is $\boxed{\textbf{(B)}\ 1}$.

Performing this operation several times yields the results of $133$ for the second term, $55$ for the third term, and $250$ for the fourth term. The sum of the cubes of the digits of $250$ equal $133$, a complete cycle. The cycle is, excluding the first term, the $2^{\text{nd}}$, $3^{\text{rd}}$, and $4^{\text{th}}$ terms will equal $133$, $55$, and $250$, following the fourth term. Any term number that is equivalent to $1\ (\text{mod}\ 3)$ will produce a result of $250$. It just so happens that $2005\equiv 1\ (\text{mod}\ 3)$, which leads us to the answer of $\boxed{\textbf{(E) } 250}$.

The only way to get a total of $20$ or more is if you pick a twenty and another bill, or if you pick both tens. There are a total of $\dbinom{8}{2}=\dfrac{8\times7}{2\times1}=28$ ways to choose $2$ bills out of $8$. There are $12$ ways to choose a twenty and some other non-twenty bill. There is $1$ way to choose both twenties, and also $1$ way to choose both tens. Adding these up, we find that there are a total of $14$ ways to attain a sum of $20$ or greater, so there is a total probability of $\dfrac{14}{28}=\boxed{\textbf{(D) }\frac{1}{2}}$.

Let $x^2 + px + m = 0$ have roots $a$ and $b$. Then \[x^2 + px + m = (x-a)(x-b) = x^2 - (a+b)x + ab,\] so $p = -(a+b)$ and $m = ab$. Also, $x^2 + mx + n = 0$ has roots $2a$ and $2b$, so \[x^2 + mx + n = (x-2a)(x-2b) = x^2 - 2(a+b)x + 4ab,\] and $m = -2(a+b)$ and $n = 4ab$. Thus $\frac{n}{p} = \frac{4ab}{-(a+b)} = \frac{4m}{\frac{m}{2}} = \boxed{\textbf{(D) }8}$. To test that this actually works, consider the quadratics $x^2 + 8x + 16 = 0,\ x^2 + 16x + 64 = 0$.

We see that we can re-write $4^{x_1}=5$, $5^{x_2}=6$, $6^{x_3}=7$, ... , $127^{x_{124}}=128$ as $\left(...\left(\left(\left(4^{x_1}\right)^{x_2}\right)^{x_3}\right)...\right)^{x_{124}}=128$ by using substitution. By using the properties of exponents, we know that $4^{x_1x_2...x_{124}}=128$. $4^{x_1x_2...x_{124}}=128\\2^{2x_1x_2...x_{124}}=2^7\\2x_1x_2...x_{124}=7\\x_1x_2...x_{124}=\dfrac{7}{2}$ Therefore, the answer is $\boxed{\mathrm{(D)}\,\dfrac{7}{2}}$

Let $R$ be the radius of the circle. Draw the two radii that meet the points of tangency to the lines $y = \pm x$. We can see that a square is formed by the origin, two tangency points, and the center of the circle. The side lengths of this square are $R$ and the diagonal is $k = R+6$. The diagonal of a square is $\sqrt{2}$ times the side length. Therefore, $R+6 = R\sqrt{2} \Rightarrow R = \dfrac{6}{\sqrt{2}-1} = 6+6\sqrt{2} \Rightarrow \boxed{\mathrm{E}}$.

$221$ can be written as the sum of four two-digit numbers, let's say $\overline{ae}$, $\overline{bf}$, $\overline{cg}$, and $\overline{dh}$. Then $221= 10(a+b+c+d)+(e+f+g+h)$. The last digit of $221$ is $1$, and $10(a+b+c+d)$ won't affect the units digits, so $(e+f+g+h)$ must end with $1$. The smallest value $(e+f+g+h)$ can have is $(1+2+3+4)=10$, and the greatest value is $(6+7+8+9)=30$. Therefore, $(e+f+g+h)$ must equal $11$ or $21$. Case 1: $(e+f+g+h)=11$ The only distinct positive integers that can add up to $11$ is $(1+2+3+5)$. So, $a$,$b$,$c$, and $d$ must include four of the five numbers $(4,6,7,8,9)$. We have $10(a+b+c+d)=221-11=210$, or $a+b+c+d=21$. We can add all of $4+6+7+8+9=34$, and try subtracting one number to get to $21$, but none of them work. Therefore, $(e+f+g+h)$ cannot add up to $11$. Case 2: $(e+f+g+h)=21$ Checking all the values for $e$,$f$,$g$,and $h$ each individually may be time-consuming, instead of only having $1$ solution like Case 1. We can try a different approach by looking at $(a+b+c+d)$ first. If $(e+f+g+h)=21$, $10(a+b+c+d)=221-21=200$, or $(a+b+c+d)=20$. That means $(a+b+c+d)+(e+f+g+h)=21+20=41$. We know $(1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9)=45$, so the missing digit is $45-41=\boxed{\mathrm{(D)}\ 4}$

The eight spheres are formed by shifting spheres of radius $1$ and center $(0, 0, 0)$ $\pm 1$ in the $x, y, z$ directions. Hence, the centers of the spheres are $(\pm 1, \pm 1, \pm 1)$. For a sphere centered at the origin to contain all eight spheres, its radius must be greater than or equal to the longest distance from the origin to one of these spheres. This length is the sum of the distance from $(\pm 1, \pm 1, \pm 1)$ to the origin and the radius of the spheres, or $\sqrt{3} + 1$. To verify this is the longest length, we can see from the triangle inequality that the length from the origin to any other point on the spheres is strictly smaller. Thus, the answer is $\boxed{\mathrm{D}}$.

Using the laws of logarithms, the given equation becomes \[\log_{10}2^{a}+\log_{10}3^{b}+\log_{10}5^{c}+\log_{10}7^{d}=2005\] \[\Rightarrow \log_{10}{2^{a}\cdot 3^{b}\cdot 5^{c}\cdot 7^{d}}=2005\] \[\Rightarrow 2^{a}\cdot 3^{b}\cdot 5^{c}\cdot 7^{d} = 10^{2005}\] As $a,b,c,d$ must all be rational, and there are no powers of $3$ or $7$ in $10^{2005}$, $b=d=0$. Then $2^{a}\cdot 5^{c}=2^{2005}\cdot 5^{2005} \Rightarrow a=c=2005$. Only the four-tuple $(2005,0,2005,0)$ satisfies the equation, so the answer is $\boxed{1} \Rightarrow \mathrm{(B)}$.

For angle $A$ and $B$ to be acute, $C$ must be between the two lines that are perpendicular to $\overline{AB}$ and contain points $A$ and $B$. For angle $C$ to be acute, first draw a $45-45-90$ triangle with $\overline{AB}$ as the hypotenuse. Note $C$ cannot be inside this triangle's circumscribed circle or else $\angle C > 90^\circ$. Hence, the area of $R$ is the area of the large triangle minus the area of the small triangle minus the area of the circle, which is $\frac{14^2}{2}-\frac{4^2}{2}-(\frac{5\sqrt{2}}{2})^2\pi=98-8-\frac{25\pi}{2}$, which is approximately $51$. The answer is $\boxed{\mathrm{C}}$. Note: When doing this problem, it is important to double check that the circle with diameter $AB$ lies fully in the first quadrant, which luckily it does.

let $x=10a+b$, then $y=10b+a$ where $a$ and $b$ are nonzero digits. By difference of squares, \[x^2-y^2=(x+y)(x-y)\] \[=(10a+b+10b+a)(10a+b-10b-a)\] \[=(11(a+b))(9(a-b))\] For this product to be a square, the factor of $11$ must be repeated in either $(a+b)$ or $(a-b)$, and given the constraints it has to be $(a+b)=11$. The factor of $9$ is already a square and can be ignored. Now $(a-b)$ must be another square, and since $a$ cannot be $10$ or greater then $(a-b)$ must equal $4$ or $1$. If $a-b=4$ then $(a+b)+(a-b)=11+4$, $2a=15$, $a=15/2$, which is not a digit. Hence the only possible value for $a-b$ is $1$. Now we have $(a+b)+(a-b)=11+1$, $2a=12$, $a=6$, then $b=5$, $x=65$, $y=56$, $m=33$, and $x+y+m=154\Rightarrow\boxed{\mathrm{E}}$

The sum of the set is $-7-5-3-2+2+4+6+13=8$, so if we could have the sum in each set of parenthesis be $4$ then the minimum value would be $2(4^2)=32$. Considering the set of four terms containing $13$, this sum could only be even if it had two or four odd terms. If it had all four odd terms then it would be $13-7-5-3=-2$, and with two odd terms then its minimum value is $13-7+2-2=6$, so we cannot achieve two sums of $4$. The closest we could have to $4$ and $4$ is $3$ and $5$, which can be achieved through $13-7-5+2$ and $6-3-2+4$. So the minimum possible value is $3^2+5^2=34\Rightarrow\boxed{\mathrm{C}}$.

We may let $n = 7^k \cdot m$, where $m$ is not divisible by 7. Using the fact that the number of divisors function $d(n)$ is multiplicative, we have $d(n) = d(7^k)d(m) = (k+1)d(m) = 60$. Also, $d(7n) = d(7^{k+1})d(m) = (k+2)d(m) = 80$. These numbers are in the ratio 3:4, so $\frac{k+1}{k+2} = \frac{3}{4} \implies k = 2 \Rightarrow \boxed{\mathrm{C}}$.

Since $|z_0|=1$, let $z_0=e^{i\theta_0}$, where $\theta_0$ is an argument of $z_0$. We will prove by induction that $z_n=e^{i\theta_n}$, where $\theta_n=2^n(\theta_0+\frac{\pi}{2})-\frac{\pi}{2}$. Base Case: trivial Inductive Step: Suppose the formula is correct for $z_k$, then \[z_{k+1}=\frac{iz_k}{\overline {z_k}}=i e^{i\theta_k} e^{i\theta_k}=e^{i(2\theta_k+\pi/2)}\] Since \[2\theta_k+\frac{\pi}{2}=2\cdot 2^n(\theta_0+\frac{\pi}{2})-\pi+\frac{\pi}{2}=2^{n+1}(\theta_0+\frac{\pi}{2})-\frac{\pi}{2}=\theta_{n+1}\] the formula is proven $z_{2005}=1\Rightarrow \theta_{2005}=2k\pi$, where $k$ is an integer. Therefore, \[2^{2005}(\theta_0+\frac{\pi}{2})=(2k+\frac{1}{2})\pi\] \[\theta_0=\frac{k}{2^{2004}}\pi+\left(\frac{1}{2^{2006}}-\frac{1}{2}\right)\pi\] The value of $\theta_0$ only matters modulo $2\pi$. Since $\frac{k+2^{2005}}{2^{2004}}\pi\equiv\frac{k}{2^{2004}}\pi\mod 2\pi$, k can take values from 0 to $2^{2005}-1$, so the answer is $2^{2005}\Rightarrow\boxed{\mathrm{E}}$

Let $x + y = s$ and $x^2 + y^2 = t$. Then, $\log(s)=z$ implies $\log(10s) = z+1= \log(t)$,so $t=10s$. Therefore, $x^3 + y^3 = s\cdot\dfrac{3t-s^2}{2} = s(15s-\dfrac{s^2}{2})$. Since $s = 10^z$, we find that $x^3 + y^3 = 15\cdot10^{2z} - (1/2)\cdot10^{3z}$. Thus, $a+b = \frac{29}{2}$ $\Rightarrow$ $\boxed{B}$

Let the three points be at $A = (x_1, x_1^2)$, $B = (x_2, x_2^2)$, and $C = (x_3, x_3^2)$, such that the slope between the first two is $2$, and $A$ is the point with the least $y$-coordinate. Then, we have $\textrm{Slope of }AC = \frac{x_1^2 - x_3^2}{x_1 - x_3} = x_1 + x_3$. Similarly, the slope of $BC$ is $x_2 + x_3$, and the slope of $AB$ is $x_1 + x_2 = 2$. The desired sum is $x_1 + x_2 + x_3$, which is equal to the sum of the slopes divided by $2$. To find the slope of $AC$, we note that it comes at a $60^{\circ}$ angle with $AB$. Thus, we can find the slope of $AC$ by multiplying the two complex numbers $1 + 2i$ and $1 + \sqrt{3}i$. What this does is generate the complex number that is at a $60^{\circ}$ angle with the complex number $1 + 2i$. Then, we can find the slope of the line between this new complex number and the origin: \[(1+2i)(1+\sqrt{3}i)\] \[= 1 - 2\sqrt{3} + 2i + \sqrt{3}i\] \[\textrm{Slope } = \frac{2 + \sqrt{3}}{1 - 2\sqrt{3}}\] \[= \frac{2 + \sqrt{3}}{1 - 2\sqrt{3}} \cdot \frac{1 + 2\sqrt{3}}{1 + 2\sqrt{3}}\] \[= \frac{8 + 5\sqrt{3}}{-11}\] \[= \frac{-8 - 5\sqrt{3}}{11}.\] The slope $BC$ can also be solved similarly, noting that it makes a $120^{\circ}$ angle with $AB$: \[(1+2i)(-1+\sqrt{3}i)\] \[= -1 - 2\sqrt{3} - 2i + \sqrt{3}i\] \[\textrm{Slope } = \frac{\sqrt{3} - 2}{-2\sqrt{3} - 1}\] \[= \frac{2 - \sqrt{3}}{1 + 2\sqrt{3}} \cdot \frac{1 - 2\sqrt{3}}{1 - 2\sqrt{3}}\] At this point, we start to notice a pattern: This expression is equal to $\frac{2 + \sqrt{3}}{1 - 2\sqrt{3}} \cdot \frac{1 + 2\sqrt{3}}{1 + 2\sqrt{3}}$, except the numerators of the first fractions are conjugates! Notice that this means that when we multiply out, the rational term will stay the same, but the coefficient of $\sqrt{3}$ will have its sign switched. This means that the two complex numbers are conjugates, so their irrational terms cancel out. Our sum is simply $2 - 2\cdot\frac{8}{11} = \frac{6}{11}$, and thus we can divide by $2$ to obtain $\frac{3}{11}$, which gives the answer $\boxed{\mathrm{(A)}\ 14}$.

We approach this problem by counting the number of ways ants can do their desired migration, and then multiply this number by the probability that each case occurs. Let the octahedron be $ABCDEF$, with points $B,C,D,E$ coplanar. Then the ant from $A$ and the ant from $F$ must move to plane $BCDE$. Suppose, without loss of generality, that the ant from $A$ moved to point $B$. Then, we must consider three cases. - Case 1: Ant from point $F$ moved to point $C$ On the plane, points $B$ and $C$ are taken. The ant that moves to $D$ can come from either $E$ or $C$. The ant that moves to $E$ can come from either $B$ or $D$. Once these two ants are fixed, the other two ants must migrate to the "poles" of the octahedron, points $A$ and $F$. Thus, there are two degrees of freedom in deciding which ant moves to $D$, two degrees of freedom in deciding which ant moves to $E$, and two degrees of freedom in deciding which ant moves to $A$. Hence, there are $2 \times 2 \times 2=8$ ways the ants can move to different points. - Case 2: Ant from point $F$ moved to point $D$ On the plane, points $B$ and $D$ are taken. The ant that moves to $C$ must be from $B$ or $D$, but the ant that moves to $E$ must also be from $B$ or $D$. The other two ants, originating from points $C$ and $E$, must move to the poles. Therefore, there are two degrees of freedom in deciding which ant moves to $C$ and two degrees of freedom in choosing which ant moves to $A$. Hence, there are $2 \times 2=4$ ways the ants can move to different points. - Case 3: Ant from point $F$ moved to point $E$ By symmetry to Case 1, there are $8$ ways the ants can move to different points. Given a point $B$, there is a total of $8+4+8=20$ ways the ants can move to different points. We oriented the square so that point $B$ was defined as the point to which the ant from point $A$ moved. Since the ant from point $A$ can actually move to four different points, there is a total of $4 \times 20=80$ ways the ants can move to different points. Each ant acts independently, having four different points to choose from. Hence, each ant has probability $1/4$ of moving to the desired location. Since there are six ants, the probability of each case occuring is $\frac{1}{4^6} = \frac{1}{4096}$. Thus, the desired answer is $\frac{80}{4096}= \boxed{\frac{5}{256}}$