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AMC10 2007 B

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AMC10 · 2007 (B)

Q1
Isabella's house has 3 bedrooms. Each bedroom is 12 feet long, 10 feet wide, and 8 feet high. Isabella must paint the walls of all the bedrooms. Doorways and windows, which will not be painted, occupy 60 square feet in each bedroom. How many square feet of walls must be painted?
Isabella 的房子有 3 间卧室。每间卧室长 12 英尺,宽 10 英尺,高 8 英尺。Isabella 必须粉刷所有卧室的墙壁。每间卧室中有门窗占用 60 平方英尺,这些地方不需要粉刷。需要粉刷多少平方英尺的墙壁?
Correct Answer: E
The perimeter of each bedroom is 2(12 + 10) = 44 feet, so the surface to be painted in each bedroom has an area of 44 · 8 − 60 = 292 square feet. Since there are 3 bedrooms, Isabella must paint 3 · 292 = 876 square feet.
每间卧室的周长是 $2(12 + 10) = 44$ 英尺,因此每间卧室需要粉刷的墙面面积是 $44 · 8 − 60 = 292$ 平方英尺。有 3 间卧室,所以 Isabella 需要粉刷 $3 · 292 = 876$ 平方英尺。
Q2
Define the operation $\star$ by $a \star b = (a + b)b$. What is $(3 \star 5) - (5 \star 3)$?
定义运算 $\star$ 为 $a \star b = (a + b)b$。求 $(3 \star 5) - (5 \star 3)$ 的值?
Correct Answer: E
Since 3⋆5 = (3+5)5 = 8·5 = 40 and 5⋆3 = (5+3)3 = 8·3 = 24, we have 3 ⋆5 −5 ⋆3 = 40 −24 = 16.
因为 $3\star5 = (3+5)5 = 8·5 = 40$,$5\star3 = (5+3)3 = 8·3 = 24$,所以 $3 \star5 −5 \star3 = 40 −24 = 16$。
Q3
A college student drove his compact car 120 miles home for the weekend and averaged 30 miles per gallon. On the return trip the student drove his parents' SUV and averaged only 20 miles per gallon. What was the average gas mileage, in miles per gallon, for the round trip?
一位大学生开车 120 英里回家过周末,平均油耗 30 英里/加仑。回程时他开父母的 SUV,平均油耗只有 20 英里/加仑。往返总油耗平均是多少英里/加仑?
Correct Answer: B
Answer (B): The student used $120/30 = 4$ gallons on the trip home and $120/20 = 6$ gallons on the trip back to school. So the average gas mileage for the round trip was $$\frac{240\ \text{miles}}{10\ \text{gallons}} = 24\ \text{miles per gallon}.$$
答案(B):学生回家路上用了 $120/30 = 4$ 加仑汽油,返校路上用了 $120/20 = 6$ 加仑汽油。因此往返行程的平均油耗里程为 $$\frac{240\ \text{miles}}{10\ \text{gallons}} = 24\ \text{miles per gallon}.$$ (即每加仑 24 英里。)
Q4
The point $O$ is the center of the circle circumscribed about $\triangle ABC$, with $\angle BOC = 120^\circ$ and $\angle AOB = 140^\circ$, as shown. What is the degree measure of $\angle ABC$?
点 $O$ 是 $\triangle ABC$ 的外接圆圆心,已知 $\angle BOC = 120^\circ$,$\angle AOB = 140^\circ$,如图所示。求 $\angle ABC$ 的度数?
stem
Correct Answer: D
Answer (D): Since $OA=OB=OC$, triangles $AOB$, $BOC$, and $COA$ are all isosceles. Hence $$ \angle ABC=\angle ABO+\angle OBC=\frac{180^\circ-140^\circ}{2}+\frac{180^\circ-120^\circ}{2}=50^\circ. $$
答案(D):由于 $OA=OB=OC$,三角形 $AOB$、$BOC$ 和 $COA$ 都是等腰三角形。因此 $$ \angle ABC=\angle ABO+\angle OBC=\frac{180^\circ-140^\circ}{2}+\frac{180^\circ-120^\circ}{2}=50^\circ。 $$
Q5
In a certain land, all Arogs are Brafs, all Crups are Brafs, all Dramps are Arogs, and all Crups are Dramps. Which of the following statements is implied by these facts?
在某个国度,所有 Arogs 都是 Brafs,所有 Crups 都是 Brafs,所有 Dramps 都是 Arogs,所有 Crups 都是 Dramps。以下哪个陈述是由这些事实蕴含的?
Correct Answer: D
Answer (D): Let $A$, $B$, $C$, and $D$ represent the following statements about a person in the land. $A$: Is an Arog. $B$: Is a Braf. $C$: Is a Crup. $D$: Is a Dramp. Then the statement in the first sentence of the problem can be expressed as: $A \Rightarrow B,\quad C \Rightarrow B,\quad D \Rightarrow A$ and $C \Rightarrow D.$ The most we can conclude is that $C \Rightarrow D \Rightarrow A \Rightarrow B.$ So the only statement listed that we are certain is true is that Crups are both Arogs and Brafs.
答案(D):设 $A$、$B$、$C$、$D$ 表示关于该国某个人的如下陈述。 $A$:是 Arog。 $B$:是 Braf。 $C$:是 Crup。 $D$:是 Dramp。 那么,题目第一句话中的陈述可以表示为: $A \Rightarrow B,\quad C \Rightarrow B,\quad D \Rightarrow A$ 且 $C \Rightarrow D.$ 我们最多能推出 $C \Rightarrow D \Rightarrow A \Rightarrow B.$ 因此,在所列陈述中我们唯一能确定为真的是:Crup 同时是 Arog 和 Braf。
Q6
The 2007 AMC 10 will be scored by awarding 6 points for each correct response, 0 points for each incorrect response, and 1.5 points for each problem left unanswered. After looking over the 25 problems, Sarah has decided to attempt the first 22 and leave only the last 3 unanswered. How many of the first 22 problems must she solve correctly in order to score at least 100 points?
2007年AMC 10的评分规则是:每题正确得6分,每题错误得0分,每题未答得1.5分。Sarah看过25道题后,决定尝试前22道,只留最后3道未答。为了得到至少100分,她必须在前22道题中正确解出多少道?
Correct Answer: D
Answer (D): Sarah will receive 4.5 points for the three questions she leaves unanswered, so she must earn at least $100-4.5=95.5$ points on the first 22 problems. Because $$15<\frac{95.5}{6}<16,$$ she must solve at least 16 of the first 22 problems correctly. This would give her a score of 100.5.
答案(D):Sarah 因为有三道题未作答,将获得 4.5 分,因此她在前 22 题中至少需要获得 $100-4.5=95.5$ 分。因为 $$15<\frac{95.5}{6}<16,$$ 她必须在前 22 题中至少答对 16 题。这样她的得分将是 100.5 分。
Q7
All sides of the convex pentagon ABCDE are of equal length, and $\angle A = \angle B = 90^\circ$. What is the degree measure of $\angle E$?
凸五边形ABCDE的所有边长相等,且$\angle A = \angle B = 90^\circ$。$\angle E$的度数是多少?
Correct Answer: E
Because AB = BC = EA and $\angle A = \angle B = 90^\circ$, quadrilateral ABCE is a square, so $\angle AEC = 90^\circ$. Also CD = DE = EC, so $\triangle CDE$ is equilateral and $\angle CED = 60^\circ$. Therefore $\angle E = \angle AEC + \angle CED = 90^\circ + 60^\circ = 150^\circ$.
因为AB = BC = EA且$\angle A = \angle B = 90^\circ$,四边形ABCE是正方形,故$\angle AEC = 90^\circ$。同时CD = DE = EC,故$\triangle CDE$是等边三角形,$\angle CED = 60^\circ$。因此$\angle E = \angle AEC + \angle CED = 90^\circ + 60^\circ = 150^\circ$。
solution
Q8
On the trip home from the meeting where this AMC10 was constructed, the Contest Chair noted that his airport parking receipt had digits of the form bbcac, where $0 \leq a < b < c \leq 9$, and $b$ was the average of $a$ and $c$. How many different five-digit numbers satisfy all these properties?
在构造本AMC10的会议回家的路上,Contest Chair注意到他的机场停车收据上的数字形式为bbcac,其中$0 \leq a < b < c \leq 9$,且$b$是$a$和$c$的平均数。满足所有这些性质的不同五位数有多少个?
Correct Answer: D
Once a and c are chosen, the integer b is determined. For a = 0, we could have c = 2, 4, 6, or 8. For a = 2, we could have c = 4, 6, or 8. For a = 4, we could have c = 6 or 8, and for a = 6 the only possibility is c = 8. Thus there are 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10 possibilities when a is even. Similarly, there are 10 possibilities when a is odd, so the number of possibilities is 20.
一旦选择a和c,整数b就确定了。对于a=0,可有c=2,4,6或8。对于a=2,可有c=4,6或8。对于a=4,可有c=6或8,对于a=6只有c=8。这样,当a为偶数时有1+2+3+4=10种可能。类似地,当a为奇数时也有10种可能,因此总数为20。
Q9
A cryptographic code is designed as follows. The first time a letter appears in a given message it is replaced by the letter that is 1 place to its right in the alphabet (assuming that the letter A is one place to the right of the letter Z). The second time this same letter appears in the given message, it is replaced by the letter that is 1 + 2 places to the right, the third time it is replaced by the letter that is 1 + 2 + 3 places to the right, and so on. For example, with this code the word “banana” becomes “cboddg”. What letter will replace the last letter s in the message “Lee’s sis is a Mississippi miss, Chriss!”?
一种密码编码设计如下:给定消息中一个字母第一次出现时,用字母表中它右边1位的字母替换它(假设Z右边1位是A)。该字母第二次出现时,用右边1+2位替换,第三次用1+2+3位,以此类推。例如,用此编码,“banana”变成“cboddg”。消息“Lee’s sis is a Mississippi miss, Chriss!”中最后一个字母s将被什么字母替换?
Correct Answer: D
Answer (D): The last s is the 12th appearance of this letter in the message, so it will be replaced by the letter that is $1+2+3+\cdots+12=\frac{1}{2}(12\cdot 13)=3\cdot 26$ letters to the right of s. Since the alphabet has 26 letters, this letter s is coded as s.
答案(D):最后一个 s 是该字母在信息中第 12 次出现,因此它将被替换为在 s 右侧 $1+2+3+\cdots+12=\frac{1}{2}(12\cdot 13)=3\cdot 26$ 个字母的位置上的字母。由于字母表有 26 个字母,这个字母 s 被编码为 s。
Q10
Two points B and C are in a plane. Let S be the set of all points A in the plane for which $\triangle ABC$ has area 1. Which of the following describes S?
平面上有两点B和C。让S为平面中所有点A的集合,使得$\triangle ABC$的面积为1。以下哪项描述了S?
Correct Answer: A
Answer (A): If the altitude from $A$ has length $d$, then $\triangle ABC$ has area $(1/2)(BC)d$. The area is $1$ if and only if $d = 2/(BC)$. Thus $S$ consists of the two lines that are parallel to line $BC$ and are $2/(BC)$ units from it, as shown.
答案(A):如果从$A$作高的长度为$d$,那么$\triangle ABC$的面积为$(1/2)(BC)d$。当且仅当$d = 2/(BC)$时,面积为$1$。因此,$S$由两条与直线$BC$平行且与其距离为$2/(BC)$个单位的直线组成,如图所示。
solution
Q11
A circle passes through the three vertices of an isosceles triangle that has two sides of length 3 and a base of length 2. What is the area of this circle?
一个圆经过一个等腰三角形的三个顶点,该等腰三角形有两个边长为3,底边长为2。这个圆的面积是多少?
Correct Answer: C
Answer (C): Let $BD$ be an altitude of the isosceles $\triangle ABC$, and let $O$ denote the center of the circle with radius $r$ that passes through $A$, $B$, and $C$, as shown. Then $$BD=\sqrt{3^2-1^2}=2\sqrt{2}\quad \text{and}\quad OD=2\sqrt{2}-r.$$ Since $\triangle ADO$ is a right triangle, we have $$r^2=1^2+(2\sqrt{2}-r)^2=1+8-4\sqrt{2}\,r+r^2,\quad \text{and}\quad r=\frac{9}{4\sqrt{2}}=\frac{9}{8}\sqrt{2}.$$ As a consequence, the circle has area $$\left(\frac{9}{8}\sqrt{2}\right)^2\pi=\frac{81}{32}\pi.$$
答案(C):设 $BD$ 为等腰三角形 $\triangle ABC$ 的一条高,设 $O$ 为过 $A,B,C$ 三点、半径为 $r$ 的圆的圆心,如图所示。 则 $$BD=\sqrt{3^2-1^2}=2\sqrt{2}\quad \text{且}\quad OD=2\sqrt{2}-r.$$ 由于 $\triangle ADO$ 是直角三角形,有 $$r^2=1^2+(2\sqrt{2}-r)^2=1+8-4\sqrt{2}\,r+r^2,\quad \text{从而}\quad r=\frac{9}{4\sqrt{2}}=\frac{9}{8}\sqrt{2}.$$ 因此,该圆的面积为 $$\left(\frac{9}{8}\sqrt{2}\right)^2\pi=\frac{81}{32}\pi.$$
solution
Q12
Tom’s age is T years, which is also the sum of the ages of his three children. His age N years ago was twice the sum of their ages then. What is T/N?
汤姆的年龄是T岁,这也是他三个孩子的年龄之和。T-N年前,他的年龄是当时他们三个孩子年龄之和的两倍。T/N是多少?
Correct Answer: D
Answer (D): Tom’s age $N$ years ago was $T-N$. The sum of his three children’s ages at that time was $T-3N$. Therefore $T-N=2(T-3N)$, so $5N=T$ and $T/N=5$. The conditions of the problem can be met, for example, if Tom’s age is 30 and the ages of his children are 9, 10, and 11. In that case $T=30$ and $N=6$.
答案(D):汤姆在 $N$ 年前的年龄是 $T-N$。那时他三个孩子的年龄之和是 $T-3N$。因此 $T-N=2(T-3N)$,所以 $5N=T$ 且 $T/N=5$。例如,当汤姆的年龄为 30 岁、孩子们的年龄分别为 9、10、11 岁时,题目条件可以满足。在这种情况下 $T=30$ 且 $N=6$。
Q13
Two circles of radius 2 are centered at (2, 0) and at (0, 2). What is the area of the intersection of the interiors of the two circles?
两个半径为2的圆分别以(2, 0)和(0, 2)为圆心。两个圆内部交集的面积是多少?
Correct Answer: D
The two circles intersect at (0, 0) and (2, 2), as shown. Half of the region described is formed by removing an isosceles right triangle of leg length 2 from a quarter of one of the circles. Because the quarter-circle has area (1/4)$\pi$(2)$^2$ = $\pi$ and the triangle has area (1/2)(2)$^2$ = 2, the area of the region is 2($\pi$ − 2).
两个圆相交于(0, 0)和(2, 2),如图所示。所述区域的一半是由从一个圆的一个四分之一中减去腿长为2的等腰直角三角形形成的。因为四分之一圆的面积为$(1/4)\pi(2)^2$ = $\pi$,三角形的面积为$(1/2)(2)^2$ = 2,所以该区域的面积为$2(\pi$ − 2)。
solution
Q14
Some boys and girls are having a car wash to raise money for a class trip to China. Initially 40% of the group are girls. Shortly thereafter two girls leave and two boys arrive, and then 30% of the group are girls. How many girls were initially in the group?
一些男孩和女孩正在为班级去中国的旅行筹款洗车。最初小组的40%是女孩。不久之后,两个女孩离开,两个男孩到来,然后小组的30%是女孩。最初小组中有多少女孩?
Correct Answer: C
Answer (C): Let $g$ be the number of girls and $b$ the number of boys initially in the group. Then $g = 0.4(g + b)$. After two girls leave and two boys arrive, the size of the entire group is unchanged, so $g - 2 = 0.3(g + b)$. The solution of the system of equations $g = 0.4(g + b)$ and $g - 2 = 0.3(g + b)$ is $g = 8$ and $b = 12$, so there were initially 8 girls. OR After two girls leave and two boys arrive, the size of the group is unchanged. So the two girls who left represent $40\% - 30\% = 10\%$ of the group. Thus the size of the group is 20, and the original number of girls was $40\%$ of 20, or 8.
答案(C):设最初小组中女生人数为 $g$,男生人数为 $b$。则 $g = 0.4(g + b)$。两名女生离开、两名男生加入后,整个小组人数不变,所以 $g - 2 = 0.3(g + b)$。方程组 $g = 0.4(g + b)$ 和 $g - 2 = 0.3(g + b)$ 的解为 $g = 8$、$b = 12$,因此最初有 8 名女生。 或者 两名女生离开、两名男生加入后,小组总人数不变。因此离开的两名女生占小组的 $40\% - 30\% = 10\%$。所以小组人数为 20,原来的女生人数是 20 的 $40\%$,即 8。
Q15
The angles of quadrilateral ABCD satisfy $\angle A = 2\angle B = 3\angle C = 4\angle D$. What is the degree measure of $\angle A$, rounded to the nearest whole number?
四边形ABCD的内角满足$\angle A = 2\angle B = 3\angle C = 4\angle D$。$\angle A$的度数,四舍五入到最接近的整数是多少?
Correct Answer: D
Answer (D): Let $x$ be the degree measure of $\angle A$. Then the degree measures of angles $B$, $C$, and $D$ are $x/2$, $x/3$, and $x/4$, respectively. The degree measures of the four angles have a sum of $360$, so \[ 360 = x + \frac{x}{2} + \frac{x}{3} + \frac{x}{4} = \frac{25x}{12}. \] Thus $x = (12 \cdot 360)/25 = 172.8 \approx 173$.
答案(D):设 $x$ 为 $\angle A$ 的度数。则角 $B$、$C$、$D$ 的度数分别为 $x/2$、$x/3$、$x/4$。四个角的度数和为 $360$,因此 \[ 360 = x + \frac{x}{2} + \frac{x}{3} + \frac{x}{4} = \frac{25x}{12}. \] 所以 $x = (12 \cdot 360)/25 = 172.8 \approx 173$。
Q16
A teacher gave a test to a class in which 10% of the students are juniors and 90% are seniors. The average score on the test was 84. The juniors all received the same score, and the average score of the seniors was 83. What score did each of the juniors receive on the test?
一位老师给一个班级出了一次测试,班级中有10%的学生是低年级生,90%是高年级生。测试的平均分为84。所有低年级生的得分相同,高年级生的平均分为83。低年级生每人得了多少分?
Correct Answer: C
Answer (C): Let $N$ be the number of students in the class. Then there are $0.1N$ juniors and $0.9N$ seniors. Let $s$ be the score of each junior. The scores totaled $84N = 83(0.9N) + s(0.1N)$, so $s = \dfrac{84N - 83(0.9N)}{0.1N} = 93.$ Note: In this problem, we could assume that the class has one junior and nine seniors. Then $9\cdot 83 + s = 10\cdot 84 = 9\cdot 84 + 84$ and $s = 9(84 - 83) + 84 = 93.$
答案(C):设$N$为班级学生人数,则有$0.1N$名低年级生(junior)和$0.9N$名高年级生(senior)。设每个低年级生的分数为$s$。总分为$84N = 83(0.9N) + s(0.1N)$,因此 $s = \dfrac{84N - 83(0.9N)}{0.1N} = 93。$ 注:本题也可以假设班里有1名低年级生和9名高年级生。则 $9\cdot 83 + s = 10\cdot 84 = 9\cdot 84 + 84$,并且$s = 9(84 - 83) + 84 = 93。$
Q17
Point P is inside equilateral $\triangle ABC$. Points Q, R, and S are the feet of the perpendiculars from P to $\overline{AB}$, $\overline{BC}$, and $\overline{CA}$, respectively. Given that $PQ = 1$, $PR = 2$, and $PS = 3$, what is $AB$?
点P在等边$\triangle ABC$内部。点Q、R、S分别是P到$\overline{AB}$、$\overline{BC}$和$\overline{CA}$的垂足。已知$PQ = 1$,$PR = 2$,$PS = 3$,求$AB$?
Correct Answer: D
Answer (D): Let the side length of $\triangle ABC$ be $s$. Then the areas of $\triangle APB$, $\triangle BPC$, and $\triangle CPA$ are, respectively, $s/2$, $s$, and $3s/2$. The area of $\triangle ABC$ is the sum of these, which is $3s$. The area of $\triangle ABC$ may also be expressed as $(\sqrt{3}/4)s^2$, so $3s=(\sqrt{3}/4)s^2$. The unique positive solution for $s$ is $4\sqrt{3}$.
答案(D):设 $\triangle ABC$ 的边长为 $s$。则 $\triangle APB$、$\triangle BPC$ 和 $\triangle CPA$ 的面积分别为 $s/2$、$s$ 和 $3s/2$。$\triangle ABC$ 的面积为它们的和,即 $3s$。另外,$\triangle ABC$ 的面积也可表示为 $(\sqrt{3}/4)s^2$,因此 $3s=(\sqrt{3}/4)s^2$。$s$ 的唯一正解为 $4\sqrt{3}$。
Q18
A circle of radius 1 is surrounded by 4 circles of radius $r$ as shown. What is $r$?
如图,一个半径为1的圆被4个半径为$r$的圆包围。求$r$?
stem
Correct Answer: B
Construct the square ABCD by connecting the centers of the large circles, as shown, and consider the isosceles right $\triangle BAD$. Since AB = AD = 2r and BD = 2 + 2r, we have 2(2r)$^2$ = (2 + 2r)$^2$. So 1 + 2r + r$^2$ = 2r$^2$, and r$^2$ − 2r − 1 = 0. Applying the quadratic formula gives r = 1 + $\sqrt{2}$.
连接大圆圆心构成正方形ABCD,如图所示,考虑等腰直角$\triangle BAD$。因为$AB = AD = 2r$,$BD = 2 + 2r$,有$2(2r)^2 = (2 + 2r)^2$。即$1 + 2r + r^2 = 2r^2$,$r^2 − 2r − 1 = 0$。套用二次公式得$r = 1 + \sqrt{2}$。
solution
Q19
The wheel shown is spun twice, and the randomly determined numbers opposite the pointer are recorded. The first number is divided by 4, and the second number is divided by 5. The first remainder designates a column, and the second remainder designates a row on the checkerboard shown. What is the probability that the pair of numbers designates a shaded square?
转动如图所示的轮盘两次,记录指针对面的随机数字。将第一个数字除以4,第二个数字除以5。第一余数指定一列,第二余数指定一行在如图棋盘上。指定着色方格的概率是多少?
stem
Correct Answer: C
Answer (C): The first remainder is even with probability $2/6 = 1/3$ and odd with probability $2/3$. The second remainder is even with probability $3/6 = 1/2$ and odd with probability $1/2$. The shaded squares are those that indicate that both remainders are odd or both are even. Hence the square is shaded with probability $$ \frac{1}{3}\cdot\frac{1}{2}+\frac{2}{3}\cdot\frac{1}{2}=\frac{1}{2}. $$
答案(C):第一个余数为偶数的概率是 $2/6 = 1/3$,为奇数的概率是 $2/3$。第二个余数为偶数的概率是 $3/6 = 1/2$,为奇数的概率是 $1/2$。阴影方格表示两个余数同为奇数或同为偶数。因此,该方格被涂阴影的概率为 $$ \frac{1}{3}\cdot\frac{1}{2}+\frac{2}{3}\cdot\frac{1}{2}=\frac{1}{2}. $$
Q20
A set of 25 square blocks is arranged into a 5 × 5 square. How many different combinations of 3 blocks can be selected from that set so that no two are in the same row or column?
25个正方形方块排成5×5正方形。从中选3个方块的不同组合有多少种,使得没有两个在同一行或同一列?
Correct Answer: C
Answer (C): After one of the 25 blocks is chosen, 16 of the remaining blocks do not share its row or column. After the second block is chosen, 9 of the remaining blocks do not share a row or column with either of the first two. Because the three blocks can be chosen in any order, the number of different combinations is $$ \frac{25 \cdot 16 \cdot 9}{3!} = 25 \cdot 8 \cdot 3 = 600. $$
答案(C):选定 25 个方块中的一个后,剩下的方块中有 16 个与它不在同一行或同一列。选定第二个方块后,剩下的方块中有 9 个与前两个方块都不在同一行或同一列。由于这三个方块可以按任意顺序选取,不同组合的数量为 $$ \frac{25 \cdot 16 \cdot 9}{3!} = 25 \cdot 8 \cdot 3 = 600. $$
Q21
Right $\triangle ABC$ has $AB = 3$, $BC = 4$, and $AC = 5$. Square $XYZW$ is inscribed in $\triangle ABC$ with $X$ and $Y$ on $AC$, $W$ on $AB$, and $Z$ on $BC$. What is the side length of the square?
直角 $\triangle ABC$ 有 $AB = 3$,$BC = 4$,$AC = 5$。正方形 $XYZW$ 铭刻在 $\triangle ABC$ 中,其中 $X$ 和 $Y$ 在 $AC$ 上,$W$ 在 $AB$ 上,$Z$ 在 $BC$ 上。正方形的边长是多少?
stem
Correct Answer: B
Answer (B): Let $s$ be the side length of the square, and let $h$ be the length of the altitude of $\triangle ABC$ from $B$. Because $\triangle ABC$ and $\triangle WBZ$ are similar, it follows that $$ \frac{h-s}{s}=\frac{h}{AC}=\frac{h}{5},\ \text{so}\ s=\frac{5h}{5+h}. $$ Because $h=3\cdot 4/5=12/5$, the side length of the square is $$ s=\frac{5(12/5)}{5+12/5}=\frac{60}{37}. $$
答案(B):设 $s$ 为正方形的边长,设 $h$ 为从 $B$ 向 $\triangle ABC$ 作高的长度。因为 $\triangle ABC$ 与 $\triangle WBZ$ 相似,所以 $$ \frac{h-s}{s}=\frac{h}{AC}=\frac{h}{5},\ \text{因此}\ s=\frac{5h}{5+h}. $$ 因为 $h=3\cdot 4/5=12/5$,正方形的边长为 $$ s=\frac{5(12/5)}{5+12/5}=\frac{60}{37}. $$
Q22
A player chooses one of the numbers 1 through 4. After the choice has been made, two regular four-sided (tetrahedral) dice are rolled, with the sides of the dice numbered 1 through 4. If the number chosen appears on the bottom of exactly one die after it is rolled, then the player wins \$1. If the number chosen appears on the bottom of both of the dice, then the player wins \$2. If the number chosen does not appear on the bottom of either of the dice, the player loses \$1. What is the expected return to the player, in dollars, for one roll of the dice?
一名玩家选择 1 到 4 中的一个数字。选择后,掷两个正四面体骰子,骰子面编号 1 到 4。如果所选数字恰好出现在一个骰子的底部,玩家赢得 $1。如果出现在两个骰子的底部,赢得 $2。如果都不出现,输 $1$。掷一次骰子的玩家的期望收益是多少美元?
Correct Answer: B
Answer (B): The probability of the number appearing 0, 1, and 2 times is $P(0)=\frac{3}{4}\cdot\frac{3}{4}=\frac{9}{16},\quad P(1)=2\cdot\frac{1}{4}\cdot\frac{3}{4}=\frac{6}{16},\quad \text{and}\quad P(2)=\frac{1}{4}\cdot\frac{1}{4}=\frac{1}{16},$ respectively. So the expected return, in dollars, to the player is $P(0)\cdot(-1)+P(1)\cdot(1)+P(2)\cdot(2)=\frac{-9+6+2}{16}=-\frac{1}{16}.$
答案(B):该数字出现 0 次、1 次和 2 次的概率分别为 $P(0)=\frac{3}{4}\cdot\frac{3}{4}=\frac{9}{16},\quad P(1)=2\cdot\frac{1}{4}\cdot\frac{3}{4}=\frac{6}{16},\quad \text{以及}\quad P(2)=\frac{1}{4}\cdot\frac{1}{4}=\frac{1}{16}.$ 因此,玩家的期望收益(以美元计)为 $P(0)\cdot(-1)+P(1)\cdot(1)+P(2)\cdot(2)=\frac{-9+6+2}{16}=-\frac{1}{16}.$
Q23
A pyramid with a square base is cut by a plane that is parallel to its base and is 2 units from the base. The surface area of the smaller pyramid that is cut from the top is half the surface area of the original pyramid. What is the altitude of the original pyramid?
一个底面为正方形的金字塔被一个与底面平行且距底面 2 单位的平面切割。从顶部切下的小金字塔的表面积是原金字塔表面积的一半。原金字塔的高度是多少?
Correct Answer: E
Answer (E): Let $h$ be the altitude of the original pyramid. Then the altitude of the smaller pyramid is $h-2$. Because the two pyramids are similar, the ratio of their altitudes is the square root of the ratio of their surface areas. Thus $h/(h-2)=\sqrt{2}$, so $$ h=\frac{2\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}-1}=4+2\sqrt{2}. $$
答案(E):设 $h$ 为原棱锥的高,则小棱锥的高为 $h-2$。由于两个棱锥相似,它们的高之比等于表面积之比的平方根。因此 $\frac{h}{h-2}=\sqrt{2}$,所以 $$ h=\frac{2\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2}-1}=4+2\sqrt{2}. $$
Q24
Let $n$ denote the smallest positive integer that is divisible by both 4 and 9, and whose base-10 representation consists of only 4's and 9's, with at least one of each. What are the last four digits of $n$?
设 $n$ 表示最小的既能被 4 和 9 整除,其十进制表示只由 4 和 9 组成且至少各有一个的正整数。$n$ 的最后四位数字是什么?
Correct Answer: C
Answer (C): Since $n$ is divisible by 9, the sum of the digits of $n$ must be a multiple of 9. At least one digit of $n$ is 4, so at least nine digits must be 4, and at least one digit must be 9. For $n$ to be divisible by 4, the last two digits of $n$ must each be 4. These conditions are satisfied by several ten-digit numbers, of which the smallest is 4,444,444,944.
答案(C):由于$n$能被9整除,因此$n$的各位数字之和必须是9的倍数。$n$中至少有一位数字是4,所以至少有九位必须是4,并且至少有一位必须是9。要使$n$能被4整除,$n$的最后两位都必须是4。满足这些条件的十位数有多个,其中最小的是4,444,444,944。
Q25
How many pairs of positive integers $(a, b)$ are there such that $a$ and $b$ have no common factors greater than 1 and $\frac{a}{b} + \frac{14b}{9a}$ is an integer?
有多少对正整数对 $(a, b)$ 使得 $a$ 和 $b$ 没有大于 1 的公因数,且 $\frac{a}{b} + \frac{14b}{9a}$ 是整数?
Correct Answer: A
Answer (A): Let $u=a/b$. Then the problem is equivalent to finding all positive rational numbers $u$ such that \[ u+\frac{14}{9u}=k \] for some integer $k$. This equation is equivalent to $9u^2-9uk+14=0$, whose solutions are \[ u=\frac{9k\pm\sqrt{81k^2-504}}{18}=\frac{k}{2}\pm\frac{1}{6}\sqrt{9k^2-56}. \] Hence $u$ is rational if and only if $\sqrt{9k^2-56}$ is rational, which is true if and only if $9k^2-56$ is a perfect square. Suppose that $9k^2-56=s^2$ for some positive integer $s$. Then $(3k-s)(3k+s)=56$. The only factors of 56 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 28, and 56, so $(3k-s,3k+s)$ is one of the ordered pairs $(1,56)$, $(2,28)$, $(4,14)$, or $(7,8)$. The cases $(1,56)$ and $(7,8)$ yield no integer solutions. The cases $(2,28)$ and $(4,14)$ yield $k=5$ and $k=3$, respectively. If $k=5$, then $u=1/3$ or $u=14/3$. If $k=3$, then $u=2/3$ or $u=7/3$. Therefore there are four pairs $(a,b)$ that satisfy the given conditions, namely $(1,3)$, $(2,3)$, $(7,3)$, and $(14,3)$.
答案(A):令 $u=a/b$。则问题等价于求所有正有理数 $u$,使得 \[ u+\frac{14}{9u}=k \] 对某个整数 $k$ 成立。该方程等价于 $9u^2-9uk+14=0$,其解为 \[ u=\frac{9k\pm\sqrt{81k^2-504}}{18}=\frac{k}{2}\pm\frac{1}{6}\sqrt{9k^2-56}. \] 因此,$u$ 为有理数当且仅当 $\sqrt{9k^2-56}$ 为有理数;这当且仅当 $9k^2-56$ 是完全平方数。设对某个正整数 $s$ 有 $9k^2-56=s^2$。则 $(3k-s)(3k+s)=56$。56 的因子只有 1、2、4、7、8、14、28、56,所以有序对 $(3k-s,3k+s)$ 只能是 $(1,56)$、$(2,28)$、$(4,14)$ 或 $(7,8)$。其中 $(1,56)$ 与 $(7,8)$ 不产生整数解;$(2,28)$ 与 $(4,14)$ 分别得到 $k=5$ 与 $k=3$。当 $k=5$ 时,$u=1/3$ 或 $u=14/3$;当 $k=3$ 时,$u=2/3$ 或 $u=7/3$。因此满足条件的 $(a,b)$ 共有四对,分别为 $(1,3)$、$(2,3)$、$(7,3)$、$(14,3)$。