AMC10 2021 A
AMC10 2021 A · Q18
AMC10 2021 A · Q18. It mainly tests Functions basics, Primes & prime factorization.
Let $f$ be a function defined on the set of positive rational numbers with the property that $f(a\cdot b)=f(a)+f(b)$ for all positive rational numbers $a$ and $b$. Suppose that $f$ also has the property that $f(p)=p$ for every prime number $p$. For which of the following numbers $x$ is $f(x)<0$?
设 $f$ 是定义在正有理数集上的函数,具有性质 $f(a\cdot b)=f(a)+f(b)$ 对于所有正有理数 $a$ 和 $b$。假设 $f$ 还具有性质 $f(p)=p$ 对于每个质数 $p$。对于下列哪个数 $x$ 有 $f(x)<0$?
(A)
\frac{17}{32}
\frac{17}{32}
(B)
\frac{11}{16}
\frac{11}{16}
(C)
\frac79
\frac79
(D)
\frac76
\frac76
(E)
\frac{25}{11}
\frac{25}{11}
Answer
Correct choice: (D)
正确答案:(D)
Solution
From the answer choices, note that
\begin{align*} f(25)&=f\left(\frac{25}{11}\cdot11\right) \\ &=f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)+f(11) \\ &=f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)+11. \end{align*}
On the other hand, we have
\begin{align*} f(25)&=f(5\cdot5) \\ &=f(5)+f(5) \\ &=5+5 \\ &=10. \end{align*}
Equating the expressions for $f(25)$ produces \[f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)+11=10,\] from which $f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)=-1.$ Therefore, the answer is $\boxed{\textbf{(E) }\frac{25}{11}}.$
Remark
Similarly, we can find the outputs of $f$ at the inputs of the other answer choices:
\begin{alignat*}{10} &\textbf{(A)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{17}{32}\right) \quad && = \quad && 7 \\ &\textbf{(B)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{11}{16}\right) \quad && = \quad && 3 \\ &\textbf{(C)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{7}{9}\right) \quad && = \quad && 1 \\ &\textbf{(D)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{7}{6}\right) \quad && = \quad && 2 \end{alignat*}
Alternatively, refer to Solutions 2 and 4 for the full processes.
从答案选项中,注意到
\begin{align*} f(25)&=f\left(\frac{25}{11}\cdot11\right) \\ &=f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)+f(11) \\ &=f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)+11. \end{align*}
另一方面,我们有
\begin{align*} f(25)&=f(5\cdot5) \\ &=f(5)+f(5) \\ &=5+5 \\ &=10. \end{align*}
将 $f(25)$ 的两个表达式等价,得到 \[f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)+11=10,\] 由此 $f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)=-1$。因此答案是 $\boxed{\textbf{(E) }\frac{25}{11}}。$
备注
类似地,我们可以求出其他答案选项输入下 $f$ 的输出:
\begin{alignat*}{10} &\textbf{(A)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{17}{32}\right) \quad && = \quad && 7 \\ &\textbf{(B)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{11}{16}\right) \quad && = \quad && 3 \\ &\textbf{(C)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{7}{9}\right) \quad && = \quad && 1 \\ &\textbf{(D)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{7}{6}\right) \quad && = \quad && 2 \end{alignat*}
或者参考 Solution 2 和 4 的完整过程。
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