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AMC10 2021 A

AMC10 2021 A · Q18

AMC10 2021 A · Q18. It mainly tests Functions basics, Primes & prime factorization.

Let $f$ be a function defined on the set of positive rational numbers with the property that $f(a\cdot b)=f(a)+f(b)$ for all positive rational numbers $a$ and $b$. Suppose that $f$ also has the property that $f(p)=p$ for every prime number $p$. For which of the following numbers $x$ is $f(x)<0$?
设 $f$ 是定义在正有理数集上的函数,具有性质 $f(a\cdot b)=f(a)+f(b)$ 对于所有正有理数 $a$ 和 $b$。假设 $f$ 还具有性质 $f(p)=p$ 对于每个质数 $p$。对于下列哪个数 $x$ 有 $f(x)<0$?
(A) \frac{17}{32} \frac{17}{32}
(B) \frac{11}{16} \frac{11}{16}
(C) \frac79 \frac79
(D) \frac76 \frac76
(E) \frac{25}{11} \frac{25}{11}
Answer
Correct choice: (D)
正确答案:(D)
Solution
From the answer choices, note that \begin{align*} f(25)&=f\left(\frac{25}{11}\cdot11\right) \\ &=f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)+f(11) \\ &=f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)+11. \end{align*} On the other hand, we have \begin{align*} f(25)&=f(5\cdot5) \\ &=f(5)+f(5) \\ &=5+5 \\ &=10. \end{align*} Equating the expressions for $f(25)$ produces \[f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)+11=10,\] from which $f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)=-1.$ Therefore, the answer is $\boxed{\textbf{(E) }\frac{25}{11}}.$ Remark Similarly, we can find the outputs of $f$ at the inputs of the other answer choices: \begin{alignat*}{10} &\textbf{(A)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{17}{32}\right) \quad && = \quad && 7 \\ &\textbf{(B)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{11}{16}\right) \quad && = \quad && 3 \\ &\textbf{(C)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{7}{9}\right) \quad && = \quad && 1 \\ &\textbf{(D)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{7}{6}\right) \quad && = \quad && 2 \end{alignat*} Alternatively, refer to Solutions 2 and 4 for the full processes.
从答案选项中,注意到 \begin{align*} f(25)&=f\left(\frac{25}{11}\cdot11\right) \\ &=f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)+f(11) \\ &=f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)+11. \end{align*} 另一方面,我们有 \begin{align*} f(25)&=f(5\cdot5) \\ &=f(5)+f(5) \\ &=5+5 \\ &=10. \end{align*} 将 $f(25)$ 的两个表达式等价,得到 \[f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)+11=10,\] 由此 $f\left(\frac{25}{11}\right)=-1$。因此答案是 $\boxed{\textbf{(E) }\frac{25}{11}}。$ 备注 类似地,我们可以求出其他答案选项输入下 $f$ 的输出: \begin{alignat*}{10} &\textbf{(A)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{17}{32}\right) \quad && = \quad && 7 \\ &\textbf{(B)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{11}{16}\right) \quad && = \quad && 3 \\ &\textbf{(C)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{7}{9}\right) \quad && = \quad && 1 \\ &\textbf{(D)} \qquad && f\left(\frac{7}{6}\right) \quad && = \quad && 2 \end{alignat*} 或者参考 Solution 2 和 4 的完整过程。
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