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AMC10 2019 B

AMC10 2019 B · Q9

AMC10 2019 B · Q9. It mainly tests Absolute value, Inequalities with floors/ceilings (basic).

The function $f$ is defined by $$f(x) = \lfloor x \rfloor - \lfloor |x| \rfloor$$ for all real numbers $x$, where $\lfloor r \rfloor$ denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to the real number $r$. What is the range of $f$?
函数 $f$ 定义为 $$f(x) = \lfloor x \rfloor - \lfloor |x| \rfloor$$ 对所有实数 $x$,其中 $\lfloor r \rfloor$ 表示不大于实数 $r$ 的最大整数。$f$ 的值域是什么?
(A) \{-1, 0\} \{-1, 0\}
(B) the set of nonpositive integers 非正整数集
(C) \{-1, 0, 1\} \{-1, 0, 1\}
(D) \{0\} \{0\}
(E) the set of nonnegative integers 非负整数集
Answer
Correct choice: (A)
正确答案:(A)
Solution
Answer (A): If $x\ge 0$, then $|x|=x$, so $\lfloor |x|\rfloor=\lfloor x\rfloor$. Furthermore, if $x\ge 0$, then $\lfloor x\rfloor\ge 0$, so $|\lfloor x\rfloor|=\lfloor x\rfloor$. Therefore $f(x)=\lfloor |x|\rfloor-|\lfloor x\rfloor|=0$ when $x\ge 0$. Otherwise, $x<0$, so $|x|=-x$. If $x<0$ and $x$ is an integer, then $\lfloor |x|\rfloor=\lfloor -x\rfloor=-x$ and $|\lfloor x\rfloor|=|x|=-x$. Therefore $f(x)=(-x)-(-x)=0$ in this case. If $x<0$ and $x$ is not an integer, then $\lfloor |x|\rfloor=\lfloor -x\rfloor=-\lfloor x\rfloor-1$ and $|\lfloor x\rfloor|=-\lfloor x\rfloor$. Therefore $f(x)=(-\lfloor x\rfloor-1)-(-\lfloor x\rfloor)=-1$ in this case. Thus the range of $f(x)$ is $\{-1,0\}$.
答案(A):若 $x\ge 0$,则 $|x|=x$,所以 $\lfloor |x|\rfloor=\lfloor x\rfloor$。此外,若 $x\ge 0$,则 $\lfloor x\rfloor\ge 0$,因此 $|\lfloor x\rfloor|=\lfloor x\rfloor$。所以当 $x\ge 0$ 时,$f(x)=\lfloor |x|\rfloor-|\lfloor x\rfloor|=0$。 否则,$x<0$,所以 $|x|=-x$。 若 $x<0$ 且 $x$ 为整数,则 $\lfloor |x|\rfloor=\lfloor -x\rfloor=-x$,并且 $|\lfloor x\rfloor|=|x|=-x$。因此此时 $f(x)=(-x)-(-x)=0$。 若 $x<0$ 且 $x$ 不是整数,则 $\lfloor |x|\rfloor=\lfloor -x\rfloor=-\lfloor x\rfloor-1$,且 $|\lfloor x\rfloor|=-\lfloor x\rfloor$。因此此时 $f(x)=(-\lfloor x\rfloor-1)-(-\lfloor x\rfloor)=-1$。 因此 $f(x)$ 的值域为 $\{-1,0\}$。
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